Human Resource Development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Human Resource Development - Essay Example Because the soft learning of management training is not measured currently, Westway Land requires a different human resources model to determine management growth in training using a Critical Incidents Technique and alterations to how HR approaches the assessment of management learning. Because the movement from a junior-level position to a middle management position requires maintaining the specific skills and competencies necessary to fulfill a higher-influence role in business activities, Westway Land requires a template by which these competencies can be measured from identified trainee to trainee. The critical incidents technique describes a series of hypothetical management situations or other relevant encounters, asking for a specific solution from trainee members regarding how best to appropriately handle these situations. Based on the individual demands of the business, whether the middle management positions entail heavy customer interaction or simply the organisation of subordinate employee job roles, the critical incidents template can be constructed at a relatively low cost, with low staff investment in its design, to capture the essence of management job roles after training has occurred. Because the systems and processes already exist at the company which measure individual job performance and clearly outline the role responsibilities in management positions, the critical incidents techniques should be constructed with 10-15 unique circumstances, calling for an ultimate qualitative analysis of assessed manager responses. Lau and Neal (2009) offers that significant contributions to what drives employee satisfaction are job security, communication, autonomous working environments, and compensation. With this in mind, from a rather practical HR viewpoint, if the junior manager’s new role (upon training completion) will involve a heavy focus on staff interventions and project leadership roles, assessment criteria built into the new critical

There are certain actions Essay Example for Free

There are certain actions Essay There are certain actions we take during our youth that we come to regret later on in life. Usually, such mistakes are attributed to the follies of youth and can simply be looked back on in hindsight. For most people, they can look back at that particular event and simply shrug it off and chalk it off to experience. I cannot accept that I made that kind of mistake in my life because I feel that if I had made the right decision then, I would not be regretting the repercussions I am facing now. I was a wide-eyed 17 year old when I decided to sign up for boot camp. I was thrilled at the idea of being able to serve my country even though at the time, I was not conscious of what that actually meant. 2 weeks after I arrived at boot camp, America was struck terrorists. 9/11 was the biggest nightmare everyone both in the civilian and military field had to deal with. While I was trying to train and concentrate on learning the art of war, a lot of things were going on with my family back home. I was also being pressured to come home by my parents who feared that I would be sent off to Afghanistan. The last think they wanted was to lose a daughter to the war and truth be told, I could feel their fear because I too was afraid of what the cards of fate may have been holding for my future. I began to have bouts of depression and my officers noticed a marked change in my personality. They knew that I was not fit to serve. So at the age of 18, before I could see any real action, I was discharged from the service due to a medically documented Personality Disorder. It was a case of â€Å"Too young, too soon† for me and I was so confused regarding what I really wanted to be and do that I had to be placed by the military doctor on Zoloft medication in order to deal with my anxiety and depression. After I left the service, I got over the depression and started to lead a normal civilian life. The thought of what might have been had I not left the service still continues to haunt me so at the age of 24, I want to go back to what I had left and try to see if I can still follow the road and see where it takes me. In fact, as early as 2 years before I got married, I had already contemplated going back to the service as a National Guard but put it off because I told myself that when I went and got myself that waiver, I was going to do it for all the right reasons and that I would not make the same mistake twice. So when I was sure that I had the courage to go get the waiver and see my decision through to the end, I called my husband and relatives to a conclave. I explained to them that I wanted to seek stability in my life. I associated this stability with the opportunity to pick up where I left off, that is, serving my country regardless of the danger to my person. My time for soul searching is over, it is now time for me to prove that I have what it takes to survive in this world on my own. My husband did not need much convincing because he was raised in a military family and fully supports my efforts to have a career in a field that will make me happy. My parents are still worried about me and are not sure that I am over my personality disorder but after I presented them with my civilian doctors certification that I was fit to serve in the military (see attached certification) , they finally backed down and gave me their blessing. I am presenting myself to you with the hopes that you will also see beyond my youthful error of ways and grant me this second chance to prove that I can be of service to my country in the best way possible. That is by allowing me to return to active duty and service in the military under the National Guard.

Prejudice Runs Deep in To Kill A Mockingbird Essay -- Kill Mockingbird

Prejudice Runs Deep in To Kill A Mockingbird    To Kill A Mockingbird takes place in small town Maycomb, Alabama, a depression era town where people move slowly and twenty-four hours seems longer.   The narrator of the story is a six-year-old girl named Jean Louise Finch, a tomboy who hates wearing dresses and goes by the nickname "Scout."   Scout's being a tomboy is of no little significance because while we are treated to a sweet and affectionate portrayal of Maycomb at the novel's opening, we will find it is a town where racial prejudice, hostility and ignorance run deep below the surface.   Not only are the majority of the townspeople prejudiced against blacks, maintaining a feeling of superiority to the whole of their race, but there are also well-defined social roles based on gender.   To Kill A Mockingbird reflects many themes, but three of the most significant ones are courage, prejudice, and education.   Through characterization and behavior the author demonstrates the connection of these themes as crucial for manifesting real humanity within individuals.   Education and courage produce a higher level of humanity in human behavior, particularly because they allow individuals to walk in the skins of other people before judging them.   Education and courage allow for a neutralization of prejudice because they lend a broader understanding to the individual concerning others.   Atticus, the father of Scout and Jem (Jeremy Finch), often teaches the lessons of education and courage to his children.   Atticus' brand of courage and education is different than that of most people's in the town.   Atticus' brand of courage disdains the use of guns, as we see when he refuses to use one to protect Tom Robinson (a black man accused of... ...th, as surely as mockingbirds are shot because they are considered "ugly."   Education and courage allow individuals to manifest a level of humanity that is color blind and does not criticize or judge based on circumstantial evidence or before walking in the skin of another.   In the author's view the type of justice and social conditions that exist in Maycomb, Alabama, are, mirroring the words of Jem after the guilty verdict for Tom, not right "It ain't right" (Lee, 1960, 214).   Prejudice and discrimination run rampant underneath the seemingly sweet and affectionate portrayal of Maycomb at the novel's outset.   It is these two elements that will unjustly condemn an innocent man to death, two elements Lee considers a sin as surely as Atticus views killing a mockingbird as sinful. Works Cited Lee, H.   (1960).   To Kill A Mockingbird.   New York, Warner Books, Inc.

The Internet Invention Essay -- Essays Papers

The Internet Invention The history of every great invention is based on a lot of pre-history. In the case of the World-Wide Web, there are two lines to be traced: the development of hypertext, or the computer-aided reading of electronic documents, and the development of the Internet protocols which made the global network possib le. The Internet has revolutionized the computer and communications world like nothing before. The invention of the telegraph, telephone, radio, and computer set the stage for this unprecedented integration of capabilities. The Internet is at once a world-wide broadcasting capability, a mechanism for information dissemination, and a medium for collaboration and interaction between individuals and their computers without regard for geographic location. The Internet represents one of the most successful examples of the benefits of sustained investment and commitment to research and development of information infrastructure. Beginning with the early research in packet switching, the government, industry and academia have been partners in evolving and deploying this exciting new technology. Today, terms like "names@computer.org" and "http://www.acm.org" trip lightly off the tongue of the random person on the street. The Internet today is a widespread information infrastructure, the initial prototype of what is often called the National (or Global or Galactic) Information Infrastructure1. Its history is complex and involves many aspects technological, organizational, and community. And its influence reaches not only to the technical fields of computer communications but throughout society as we move toward increasing use of online tools to accomplish electronic commer... ... of the ACM. v40n2 Feb 1997. p.102-108. 6. O'Malley, Michael and Roy Rosenzweig, "Brave New World or Blind Alley? American History of the World Wide Web." Journal of American History 1997 84(1): 132-155. 7. Regoli, Michael. " Webstorians: Historians and the World Wide Web." OAH Newsletter 1995 23(3): 1, 8-9. 8. Rosenzweig, Roy. "Wizards, bureaucrats, warriors, and hackers: Writing the history of the Internet." The American Historical Review. v103n5 Dec 1998. p.1530-1552 9. Silver, David. "Interfacing American Culture: The perils and Potentials of Virtual Exhibitions." American Quarterly 1997 49(4): 825-850. 10. Thompsen, Philip. "Toward a Public Lane on the Information Superhighway: A Media Performance Analysis of the Community-Wide Education and Information Service Initiative." DAI 1998 58(8): 2894-A. DA9806152

Fast Changes in Technology- Excitement or Agony Essay

In 1859, Charles Darwin published his theory of natural selection in which he observed that finches adapted a different beak shape to be able to survive in their environment. Science and technology are our civilization’s beak. A very good afternoon to everyone present here today. I, Shimona Agarwal, Of Scottish High International School, will be speaking today on the topic â€Å"Fast changes in science and technology- excitement or agony† and I am resolutely for the motion. As I am sure that most of you are aware, the global population is increasing at an alarming rate. While just a mere 10 years ago, the world population was 6070 billion, it is now a complete 7 billion. This rate of growing population will become unsustainable in the near future unless science and technology are advanced. Advancements in science and technology have provided humankind with luxuries that have enabled them to live a safe and comfortable living. Only, and only through the rapid changes being made in science and technology, have we been able to increase the average life span of a human being. There are new medical breakthroughs occurring every day, and new innovations are helping mankind lead a safer living. A particular idea that is fast advancing and can prove to be extremely useful is that of using EEG to put the brakes on a moving vehicle. This is a big deal because the normal reaction time for a person to apply the brakes is often too long to prevent an accident. However, by harnessing brain signals via electroencephalography (EEG), most accidents can be prevented. With further advancements, it will be soon possible for humankind to avoid death altogether. Stem Cell Heart Regeneration is such a field where science and technology is fast progressing and showing positive results. See more: how to cite an article For the first time, a human heart has been created using stem cells, a major step forward in organ generation. Scientists used adult stem cells to create a living human heart that they hope will revolutionize transplants. If all goes as planned, the heart will continue to grow and eventually begin beating automatically. Advancements in science and technology are the only way to prevent the eventual collapse of our environment. As the climate changes and pollution increases, we are facing a potential decline of our environment. New advancements, however, are providing us with solutions to save our environment. A recently discussed topic is Paperless Paper. For us stubborn paper lovers, there may soon be a product available that provides the look and feel of paper, with the advantages of a digital device. In fact, the technology is already available, though it hasn’t yet translated into a marketable product. It’s called electronic paper. Before long, the plastic shell of e-readers may not be needed and you’ll be able to handle â€Å"paper†. Another innovation which can prove highly helpful to our environmental problems is a space-based dust cloud which can be used to protect our Earth’s atmosphere. Scottish scientists have proposed to use a giant space-based dust cloud, blasted off an asteroid, to shade the Earth from the sun. This dust-cloud could be large enough to block out 6. 58% of solar radiation that would normally reach the Earth. This would be more than enough to combat any current global warming trends. Waste disposal problems are posing a serious threat to our environment and ecosystem, and science and technology could eventually solve this problem too. Using Plasma Arcs for waste disposal is gaining momentum in the waste disposal industry. Imagine harnessing the power of lightning to turn garbage into glass or into a gas that can be used as an energy source. The advantages include less garbage in landfills, less carbon from incineration, and creating a natural gas power resource. As I come to the end of my debate, I would just like everyone present here to truthfully acknowledge the fact, that without science and technology our lives are never complete. We need technology to advance for civilization to advance. At one point the wheel was the hottest piece of technology around.

Business Proposal Sample

Business Proposal Sample In today’s modern world, people seem to be always on the move engaging themselves in different activities. It is interesting how people are capable of doing the many activities in an easy and coordinated way, thanks to the modern navigation tools like cars. The fact that humans seem to move most of their time covering a considerable number of miles in just a few hours, a situation that was impossible some centuries back, safety during this movement is essential. This is because movement from one place to another makes a considerable part of today’s people. 1. The Mission and Vision Maka GPS Technologies Pte Ltd saw the need for the removal of driving barriers by introducing a range of quality navigation products to cushion modern transport, logistics and output efficiency. The company’s dedication to quality, high innovation and reputable products in the market serves as the basis for the organization of the company becoming competitive standing out as the preferred brand, Morbella. The high demand for the products and experience the companys employees got from Singapore are the driving forces behind the need to expand the market coverage to other places like Indonesia, Malaysia and Australia among many others. 2. Core values Maka GPS Technologies is a telecommunication and e-commerce solution provider with its establishment first launched in Taiwan in the year 1998. However, it extended its wings to Singapore in 2006 and later to Johor Bahru, and Kuala Lumpur by establishing distribution offices in the areas in an effort to extend the services to customers worldwide. The company has thus developed into a leading navigation company that provides a considerable range of services. Some of the services are wholesale distribution of personal navigation devices and Bluetooth GPS receivers, GPS solution consultancy and integration services and corporate fleet management tracking. This shows that the company targets those people with navigation problems and those with safety issues as they go about the first paced world. The identified markets include Malaysia, Indonesia and China just to mention a few, and the company seeks to its brand as it works out solutions for their daily activities. The company has an ex cellent human resource, and quality control teams that will ensure the expansion is effective. The company seeks to orient the staff on the mission statement on the first day of their work. This orientation will ensure that they exercise the mission from the first day and on their daily bases so that they grow and live the mission statement. With products like Marbella, Qstar, Holux and HaiCom, Maka GPS Technologies hopes to deliver an enriching navigation experience across the group, which consists of five subsidiaries. This is through integration where the subsidiaries will work together to build a leading brand of the channel products in the market. At the same time, the company seeks to support the populace through the provision of leadership, embrace, and accumulation of knowledge for training and research. This is in addition to making deliveries, ensuring a competitive advantage and work closely with the community. This will ensure that the company creates a brand that speaks volumes about not only the product, but also the company. This follows the revelation that a journey has many elements, and for Marbella, the company wishes to produce a brand that amplifies the staff’s ability to deal with all the troubles concerning navigation. The company wishes to capitalize on the variety of brands it has to offer customers quality full package services, and this is to ensure that they have no other option but Marbella Car Navigator and Marbella roadcorder, which have many uses in one. This will be an added advantage for the business, and this is because it will be capable of fighting off competition from companies who can only manage a tapered array of the goods and services. Moreover, the organization of the business and the maximization of product support and timely adoption of product differentiation strategies set the business at par well ahead of its competitors. 3. Maka GPS Technologies Challenges The corporation has a team of skilled employees who have made it their priority to innovate, and produce quality products that can fit today’s world. However, the company is not well there, and this is where it wishes to be, to reach a point where the brand speaks for not only the product but also the company and employees of the company in good light. It is clear that, for any brand to be successful in the market, there has to be a concept behind the brand, its development and management and how it performs according to the target set (Singapore prestige brand award 16). It seems that the change of the logo to Morbella has attracted a lot to be desired from the public, but the company is still at low to live it. As the only GPS that’brings you around the world’, the company seeks to substantiate the claims and make more cost effective than other brands, which are foreign and not customer based. Given the significance of a brand to any given company, a lot has to be done on the brand that will ensure that they tip the scales in the consumer decision (Singapore prestige brand award 6). Maka GPS Technologies has the potential to ensure a quality product differentiation by a factor of hundreds of percentages, and this is only if they can determine what has made the once productive employees sail to the deep end. 4. Profiles solutions To achieve the targets of branding, the company has decided on a couple of things that could ensure the success. First of all, there should be an orientation of workers on the first day on the mission statement. This will ensure that everybody in the company works towards the solution. This is in addition to building a strong, relationship with the press and the marketing system so that there is the maximization of above the line and below the line marketing collaterals. All these efforts will be to ensure that the company achieves its marketing objective within the assigned budget. The company has also started investing in public relations, and this is where it offers to sponsor a considerable number of car related events with social media utilized as the interactive platform. The company is up to task to ease the acquisition of Morbella, and this is where there is provision of lifetime map updater support where a person can exchange within the warranty period at no extra cost. 5. Benefits of the solution With the solutions in place, there will be an exceptional return on investment and improved productivity. This is because it will reduce rising costs and labor crunch that seems to be a challenging hurdle to tackle. A premium brand name for any company’s products will always attract good workers and talent which then translate into a competitive advantage for the company (Singapore prestige brand award 7). This is because any successful brand name projects an image of quality and value, and this will keep customers coming back for any other of the company’s products thus bringing profit to the company. It is notable that the establishment of such a brand requires passion, creativity, courage and conviction, therefore, a massive overhaul of the entire employee team are preferable. This is in addition to keeping the competent, ones as well as adopting new talented employees. This will require competent brand building, which may involve extra marketing activities ghat will be localized, and at the same time be collateral to ensure the marketing and promotion delivers a maximum branding value to the local consumers. This includes the magnitude of his contribution to the company, and what can be done to determine the targets for the entire team. At the moment, things are looking up for the company, and this is because the company has delivered some of the promises it made and still sees growth in the local market share combined with a convincing sales result. The company hopes that the customer will continue having the sense of value to their brand and with the image of quality the brand projects, the company is headed for great success. At CustomWritings.com you can get professional Business writing help from academic writers. Our experts can prepare a custom Business proposal on any topic. Just contact our company!

The Lovely Bones (Book Report) essays

The Lovely Bones (Book Report) essays There always seems to be something extremely upsetting when we hear about the murder of a child. When we hear about tragedies of this nature through news or television shows, one can only imagine the pain and grief the family is going through. No matter how heartbreaking we find the situation we hear about to be, we know that our grief is just a small fraction compared to the grief the entire family and those closet to the deceased child are feeling. In the novel, The Lovely Bones Alice Sebold takes us into the lives of the Salmon family, who have just experienced the loss of their fourteen-year-old relative Susie. She not only illustrates for us how the family grieves in their own separate ways, but how Susie struggles in heaven to come to grips with her death and the pain she feels watching her family deal with this hardship without her help. The Salmons were a typical American family that consisted of both parents and three children, fourteen-year-old Susie, thirteen-year-old Lind sey and three-year-old Buckley. On December 6, 1973, their lives unexpectedly change forever. While walking home from school, Susie happens upon a man from her neighborhood named Mr. Harvey. He lures Susie to his home where he eventually rapes and murders her. In great detail, Susie describes her horrible ordeal, I fought hard. I fought as hard as I could not to let Mr. Harvey hurt me, but my hard-as-I-could was not hard enough, not even close (12). After the brutal rape, with Mr. Harvey still lying on top of her, Susie realizes what will soon happen, I knew he was going to kill me. I did not realize then that I was an animal already dying (14). As time passes and Susie does not return home from school, her parents begin to worry. It is when Detective Len Fenerman explains to Mr. Salmon that they have found a body part, an elbow bone, that reality sets in and the possibility that Susie has been murdered arises. Th...

Take Care with Album

Take Care with Album Take Care with Album Take Care with Album By Maeve Maddox A reader deplores the mispronunciation and misspelling of the word album as ablum: †¦ often misused by DJs and music commentators which is really sad! The word album comes from Latin albus, white. In ancient Rome, an album was a blank tablet into which edicts and other public matters were inscribed. In the 17th century, German scholars kept autograph books to which they gave the Latin term album amicorum. Later the term was applied to scrapbooks that contained souvenirs. In his 1755 dictionary Samuel Johnson defined album as a book in which foreigners have long been accustomed to insert autographs of celebrated people. Photograph albums date from the 1850s. Record albums (33 1/3 rpm) came along in 1957. NOTE: See Jim Clintons account of earlier record albums in his comment below. A Google search for the misspelling ablum yielded 773,000 hits. Not all of the hits were unintentional. For example, Ablum is a Polish surname. Ablum is also the deliberately misspelled title of a music album for children recorded by a group called Duplex. Most are probably unintended: How to make your dynamic photo slideshow and online photo ablum and photo gallery Kindly browse our e-ablums Photo Ablum Binders for Sale Sometimes ablum is followed by the correct spelling, suggesting that the first one was a simple typo. In this example, however, the misspelling occurs twice: †¦[I] never did like the ablum art idea†¦ [I] have gone through all of my songs and found the ablum info Whether misspellings of album result from careless typing, supposed wit, or ignorance, the result is the same: an unnecessary misspelling. Careful writers will want to take a good look at the word before hitting the send or publish button. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Spelling category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:35 Synonyms for â€Å"Look†30 Baseball IdiomsGrammatical Case in English

Ethical Debate on Assisted Suicide Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Ethical Debate on Assisted Suicide - Essay Example They must also be capable of administering the medication on their own. This paper will review the debate over assisted suicide, and how involved stakeholders constantly grapple with varied issues when confronting assisted suicide in these modern times. There are three fronts from which to look at the debate. These are social, religious, and political fronts. All these fronts have reasons as to why assisted suicide should, or should not exist (Battin, Rhodes, & Silvers, 1998). The rapid development in science and technology has enabled medical practitioners all over the world to find ways and means to cure the sick. Medicine capable of curing many illnesses is at the world’s disposal. These advances have enabled the world to sustain the lives of people whose capabilities as humans cannot be restored. As this technology pulls people away from death, pleas to end the lives of tortured patients are getting louder. Many people believe that if one person is in excruciating pain and cannot be helped by modern medicine, they owe that individual the courtesy to end their pain. Suicide in some constitutions, in the world today, is not considered a crime. However, assisted suicide is, and it is a punishable offense in a court of law (Battin, Rhodes, & Silvers, 1998). It is, therefore, a moral issue that generates such intense controversy. There are many people who are involved in assisted suicide. This is either directly or indirectly (Battin, Rhodes, & Silvers, 1998). However, physicians are considered the most vulnerable parties in these cases. This is because; as people believe they have the knowledge and intellect to aid a person in committing suicide. People believe that it is not in the best interests of a physician to give advice to their patients about lethal drugs. Oaths are administered to ensure that physicians stick to helping their patients. The psychological standing, also seen as the social standing, is vital over this

Changing Business Environment of Coca-Cola Company Assignment

Changing Business Environment of Coca-Cola Company - Assignment Example This paper illustrates that social environment of Coca-Cola Company has been clouded by the switching of consumers from the ordinary packaged soft drinks to the portable package method. Moreover, the advancement in technology has made it thrive in the business environment. Coca-cola Company has pride in being one of the recognized companies in the world and enjoys a global presence in the business environment. It has opportunities in the business environment with tangible continuous growth. Nevertheless, there is a need to improve its marketing strategy to be able to handle the threats of other companies that produce similar products. Coca-cola has continued o invest in the modern production techniques with the aim of reducing unit production cost and meeting the needs of potential consumers. Coca-cola market size, growth rate, and overall profitability have been evaluated through the attractiveness of the soft drinks and competitiveness of various firms in the industry. The market s ize has been increasing due to the introduction of new products in the market. Profitability and growth rates have solid with the company dominating more than half of the market while the rest of the market is occupied by Pepsi and Cadbury Schweppes. Hence, the Coca-Cola Company has continuously stayed ahead in the market for more than none hundred years. The Coca-Cola Company fits in the business environment because it is capable of giving most of the global market non-alcoholic drinks, which are composed of two sections; soft drinks and fruit juices. The soft drinks are of various flavors, both carbonate, and noncarbonated. The products that fall under the food and beverage industry are what have made Coca-cola, multinational. States, governmental changes, and other special politically instigated groups affect customer purchasing power and confidence in both local and international markets thereby reducing demand. Political conditions especially in the international market such as civil conflict, changes in government and /or limitations that pertain to a relocation of capital across borders. For instance, the political unrest in the Middle East adversely affected sales in the region.

Indian economy(international business) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Indian economy(international business) - Essay Example The value of the Indian Rupee against the U.S. Dollar is presently unfavorable. The economic boom of the last few years that had created new markets for the disposable wealth of the affluent middle class is also accompanied by high interest rates. Although the government’s decision to increase interest rates is done to balance the welfare of the poor with the economic boom, it is certainly expected to pull back the rate of growth. The growth rate of around eight percent, seen in the last four years, is bound to fall as a result. This prospect has made Indian business leaders a little uncomfortable. While large corporations can overcome this hurdle by borrowing from other countries, the small and medium scale businesses will undoubtedly suffer. Since the starting of the liberalization and deregulation phase, the country has largely come to depend on private corporations for infrastructure development. The successive governments during the last 15 years have been reluctant to initiate infrastructure projects – as raising taxes would result in unfavorable public opinion. But a country’s economic advancement is inevitable linked to its infrastructure and one cannot manifest without the other. This flaw had already started to expose some limitations. The meager budgetary allocation for highways and railroads had led to a substandard transportation facilities. Government investments in energy, water-treatment and sewage-treatment plants had been disproportionately low. Such a scenario will not lure trans-national companies to set up operations in India as it had done in the past. They may alternatively look east towards countries like China, Taiwan and Philippines that are more advanced in this regard. India’s English speaking elite have been the backbone behind the recent prosperity. It is to this section of the population that many jobs from the United States and Britain are outsourced. But the standard of education had failed to adapt to the

International Financial Management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

International Financial Management - Assignment Example In the case of UVA Company, it can take the same measures (buy futures contract or buy at spot rates) but this time, it should take a long position in the Thai baht since this is the currency of reckoning (revenues and expenses are measured in baht). In the case of Albany Corporation, it should take a long position in Australian dollars by buying this currency either at spot rates or by using the futures contract by which it will lock in the Australian dollar price at a predetermined rate but undertake for its delivery by payment at a later date. Economies of scale pertain to the cost advantages obtained by a business enterprise due to its size, output volume, or scale of operations (using subsidiaries and joint ventures in foreign countries) and a large percentage of its annual revenues are earned from these foreign markets. When a multinational corporation restructures to reduce its economic (or operating) exposure, it will necessarily have to reduce or let go of some of its subsidiaries as these are the sources of its economic exposure mainly from unexpected currency exchange rate risks. Its economies of scale are lost once it draws back from foreign markets (Madura

Basketball requires as much skill, strength and effort as football Research Paper

Basketball requires as much skill, strength and effort as football - Research Paper Example Basketball game requires a lot of energy during the game. Just, like football, the time span for the game is long enough to require a sufficient amount of strength, to keep along. Therefore, the athletes take strength-building sections, which include hitting the gym. There are many benefits of strength training to athletic performance. Apart from being the integral component for power for athletes, it also improves performance in the case of pure endurance. Endurance is a key thing in basketball because of the many intense rounds that they have to play in a single match. Therefore, explosive power is not the major goal of strength training in athletes but endurance is (Ivey & Stoner 56). Basketball is majorly a game of wits and skills. Strength and body size are not enough to win a basketball game. In addition, the rules set to play a basket ball game are so intense that they require the players to be very skilled and high mastery of the game. For example, ball handling requires many skills since it is the major part of the game. An effective ball handler should keep the ball out of the opponent’s hand. However, the player in possessing of the ball cannot take more than two steps without dribbling the ball. The player will have to make some critical decisions, which determine the person and when to pass the ball during offensive attack. Thus, the game requires a lot of concentration and a clear mind that can make informed decisions at critical moments. Another critical area is in shooting at the basket. The basket is small enough thus requiring skills to enter the ball from near it or from a three-point range. This requires a keen eye coordination (Leboutilli er 5). Basketball is an effort work. The whole team needs to stick together through out the game and produce their best. The game requires hard work in the pitch to achieve their target. This is also the same in football where they have to

International Financial Management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

International Financial Management - Assignment Example In the case of UVA Company, it can take the same measures (buy futures contract or buy at spot rates) but this time, it should take a long position in the Thai baht since this is the currency of reckoning (revenues and expenses are measured in baht). In the case of Albany Corporation, it should take a long position in Australian dollars by buying this currency either at spot rates or by using the futures contract by which it will lock in the Australian dollar price at a predetermined rate but undertake for its delivery by payment at a later date. Economies of scale pertain to the cost advantages obtained by a business enterprise due to its size, output volume, or scale of operations (using subsidiaries and joint ventures in foreign countries) and a large percentage of its annual revenues are earned from these foreign markets. When a multinational corporation restructures to reduce its economic (or operating) exposure, it will necessarily have to reduce or let go of some of its subsidiaries as these are the sources of its economic exposure mainly from unexpected currency exchange rate risks. Its economies of scale are lost once it draws back from foreign markets (Madura

Police science College Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Police science College - Essay Example 42). Police discretion has been further addressed and defined at the highest levels of the American criminal justice system. The United States Supreme Court, the ultimate arbiter of the reasonableness of police procedure, has sanctioned the use of police discretion in 4th Amendment search and seizure cases. Indeed, "There are many other intrusive activities that the Court leaves solely to the discretion of the police on the grounds that the individual has no "reasonable expectation of privacy" in the place or premises targeted by the police" (Maclin, 1996: np). In short, even from a constitutional point of view, there are situations when the use of police discretion is not only allowed, but necessary. Police discretion, therefore, can best be characterized as the use of judgment in fluid situations and settings. O'Connor presents a four-part framework for defining police discretion for a particular community: (1) discretion as judgment, (2) discretion as choice, (3) discretion as discernment, and (4) discretion as license (2005, np.). A police officer's judgment, for example, ought to be based on his experience, his particular area of expertise, and his insight into different situations as defined by that community. ... Discretion is therefore highly individualistic. Discretion one community might be exercised differently than in a different community. Choice means trying to find alternative solutions to problems. This aspect of discretion involves a weighing of the costs and the benefits of alternative courses of action. Discernment refers to an examination of the underlying merits of a situation. The police officer must use discretion, for instance to determine whether someone is being scapegoated or unfairly accused. Perhaps there is some excuse that, while not legally recognized as a defense, nevertheless is a very reasonable reason for employing discretion. Finally, the notion of discretion as license reflects the fact that there are times when it might be wiser to disobey standard operating procedures and rules. This is an area where the possibility for the abuse of discretion is the highest. In short, discretion is a multifaceted concept and it tends to be applied on an individualistic basis. Question 3: What is it about YOUNG PEOPLE AND THE POLICE Why is there so much conflict and animosity It has been established that police discretion exists, that police discretion is defined in various ways, and that there are many inaccuracies or myths surrounding the application of police discretion. The sources of police discretion regarding young people, however, are more definitely categorized and defined. O'Connor, citing the extensive research summaries presented by Gaines et al, breaks the causes of police discretion down into three main categories. The first category focuses on the age and the history of the offender and deals mostly with age-related factors. Does the offender, for example resist or respond

Equity & Expectancy Theory of Motivation Essay Example for Free

Equity Expectancy Theory of Motivation Essay Motivation Explain Adams equity theory Adams’ equity theory is a motivational model that attempts to explain the relationship between what an employee puts into their job (input), what they get out of it (output) and the fairness and justice exchanged between the two (Cosier Dalton, 1983). Inputs include all factors that are perceived as necessary to obtain a return, such as effort, loyalty, hard work, commitment, skill, ability, flexibility, tolerance, determination, heart and soul, enthusiasm, trust in the employer and personal sacrifice. Whilst outputs include all factors that are seen as a return of the job such as financial rewards, perks, benefits, pension arrangements, recognition, reputation, praise, interest, responsibility, travel, training, development, sense of achievement and promotion (Cosier Dalton, 1983). A fair and equitable balance of the two are based on the employees own perception, thoughts and beliefs and are formed through comparing the employees own situation with other employees in the market place along with opinions and comparisons from colleagues, friends and partners (Kreitner Kinicki, 2010). Ultimate Software has been able to provide an equitable balance between the inputs and outputs of their employees through implementing some of the key principles of equity theory. For example they are providing a strong leadership role model through Scott Scherr-the CEO, they are being attentive to their employees’ perception of fairness and more importantly they are involving their employees in the decision making and policy process. In return this has promoted cooperation and team work within the company (Kreitner Kinicki, 2010). More specifically Ultimate Software application of being attentive and involving their employees was demonstrated when their employee suggested that they offer paid adoption leave to their employee and they consequently implemented the benefit (Kreitner Kinicki, 2010). This particular employee was about to adopt herself so she perceived that the output of â€Å"adoption leave† was a fair and equitable reward for her inputs of effort, loyalty, commitment, skill, ability and work (Cosier Dalton, 1983). Thus by listening and implementing her suggestion Ultimate Software met her sense of fairness. In addition they also conveyed to her a sense of  involvement with the decision and policy making process. Consequently the employee regarded Ultimate Software as a fair, observant and appreciative  employer. So much so that she has remained with the company for four years and has since used the â€Å"adoption leave† again. Conversely the company could have chosen not to listen to this particular employee’s suggestion. As a result Ultimate Software would not have implemented adoption leave and the employee would have felt that her inputs of effort, loyalty, commitment, skill, ability and work were out-weighed by her received outputs. This would have been even more apparent if another company in the industry offered such a leave for adopting children. Consequently the employee would have felt underappreciated and would have become demotivated. This would have resulted in the employee reducing their effort and application, and even seeking an alternative job, perhaps one where adoption leave was available (Cosier Dalton, 1983). Another example of the principles of equity theory at work in Ultimate Software is the use of benefit schemes to motivate employees. These schemes endeavour to provide employees with working conditions and policies that give additional rewards above and beyond the basic requirements to meet the perceived outputs of different individuals (Katzell Thompson, 1990). For example an employee who perceived education as a fair and equitable output to their inputs is able to benefit from the company’s annual tuition reimbursement. Whilst an employee who perceives providing health cover for themselves and their family as an equitable output for their input will acquire a sense of fairness and organisational justice through the use of Ultimate Software’s fully paid health premium scheme. These, along with the other schemes mentioned, cater for the differing perceptions, values and sensitivities amongst the company employees. This variation exists because what one employee sees as an adequate reward for their input may not even register with another employee (Blakely et al, 2005). We all have differing sensitivity and to achieve organisational justice and fairness between the inputs and outputs of individual employees the company needs to comprehend what makes their employees tick to enable them to perform their role (Wilson, 2005). Basically Ultimate Software has applied the principles of equity theory to motivate their employees. The company has provided outputs which meets their employees perception of fairness against what they input into the company (Katzell Thompson, 1990). This balance between input and output has not  only been achieved individually but also with in the work place and the industry. Consequently Ultimate Software has raised the level of employee satisfaction and performance. Explain Vroom;s Expectancy Theory Vroom’s Expectancy Theory is another motivational model but slightly more complex in its application. The model uses the three variables expectancy, instrumentality and valance to explain how an employee is motivated to behave in ways that will produce a desired combination of expected outcomes (Kreitner Kinicki, 2010). The first variable, expectancy is the belief that an ones effort will result in the attainment of desired performance goals and is based upon the employees past experiences, self-confidence and the perceived difficulty of the goal. The second variable, instrumentality is the belief that one will receive a reward if the performance expectation is met and is connected to the employees’ levels of trust in leadership, control over rewards and the company’s formalised policy. The final variable, valence is the value that one places on the rewards and is based upon an employee’s needs, goals, values and sources of motivation (Lee, 2007). It is Vroom’s belief that these three variables interact psychologically to create a motivational force that will cause employee to acts in ways that will bring pleasure and avoid pain (Pearson Hui, 2001). An example of Ultimate Software using the principle of expectancy theory to motivate their employees is through the use of their education benefit. For this to be a motivational force the three variables of expectancy, instrumentality and valance must be perceived by the employee to be met (Pearson Hui, 2001). That is to fulfil expectancy an employee will need to believe that their extra effort and time put into studying a degree, or similar educational course, will result in them completing the program. To fulfil instrumentality the employee must believe that  once completed they will be rewarded with either a higher pay and or a promotion within the company. And finally to fulfil the third variable valance, the employee will need to value that the pay rise and/or prom otion are important enough to apply extra effort and time. Basically they will need to desire the outcome enough so that they will achieve it (Pearson   Hui, 2001). Jose Chinea of Ultimate Software was able fulfil the three variables of expectancy, instrumentality and valence. Firstly Jose believed that the masters’ degree in management and information systems was achievable. Secondly he believed that the extra effort put into studying a master’s degree would lead to the reward of obtaining a promotion with Ultimate Software. And finally because he personally understood and valued education as an opportunity to grow he therefore believed that the efforts he put in, along with the rewards obtained from Ultimate Software, would be worth it. Conversely, if Jose was not able to fulfil any one of the three variables then there would be no motivational force for him to study and therefore use the educational benefit. This would happen only if he believed that he was unable to complete the master’s degree, the company was not offering a suitable reward and he perceived education and the rewards of education to be of no value. Conse quently, the internal attributes of the employee which incorporate their attitude and value systems are an extensive determinate of motivational force in the expectancy theory model (Pearson Hui, 2001). Another example of Ultimate Software using the principles of expectancy theory is the CEO’s, Scott Scherr’s leadership role (Isaac et al, 2001). Scherr adopted the principles to equip himself with tools to influence the psychological process resident in his employees. He implemented rewards systems that are uncommon. These rewards include matching 30% of employee superannuation contributions and also stock options and both are applied in an appropriate fashion to pull or influence his employees. This strategy enhances the level of personal motivation of his employees as they wish to maximize their own self interests. For example an employee who wishes to boost their retirement savings would opt for the reward scheme of matching superannuation contributions. Whilst an employee who wishes to boost their immediate wealth, or even just considers investing to be of value, would opt for stock options. In applying a strong leadership style Scherr has created an environment within his company that inspires his employees to achieve a level of performance that meets the company expectations, and even perhaps exceed the employees own personal expectations. This has been achieved through Scherr consciously choosing a leadership strategy that pulls rather than pushes  (Isaac et al, 2001). The positive implications of using a motivational model such as expectancy theory include reduced employee turnover, improved morale and higher productivity (Pearson Hui, 2001). For Ultimate Software this has resulted in the company obtaining the title of best medium company to work for in America.

Negative Impact of Facebook on the Young People in Vietnam

Negative Impact of Facebook on the Young People in Vietnam Tran Tri Duc Introduction: Definition and related concept: What is social network? A social structure made of nodes that are generally individuals or organizations. A social network represents relationships and flows between people, groups, organizations, animals, computers or other information/knowledge processing entities (J. A. Barnes, 1954) What is Facebook? Facebook is a social network where you can show information about yourself, and communicate with groups of friends (dictionary.cambridge.org). So with Facebook, everyone can communicate more easily. Facebook like the second friend of each other. There is one fun fact about Facebook. According to TechAddiction, if Facebook is a country, it would have been the third country that have the most population in the world (http://www.techaddiction.ca/facebook-addiction-statistics.html). Introduction: In Vietnam nowadays, social network is very popular for everyone, especially for young people. One of the most popular social network is Facebook. It had come to Vietnam for a long time. Because of the appearance of Facebook, there are a lot of benefit come from Facebook such as finding friend, communicate more easily, etc. But beside these advandtages, Facebook also occurs some disadvandtages for young people in Vietnam today. The research will look into the negative impact of Facebook on young people in Vietnam, and then give some solution to reduce the harm of Facebook in Vietnam. Situation: Situation around Facebook: Facebook become the largest social network in Vietnam right now, ranked 45 out of 213 countries in socialbakers’s statistics in 2012 . According to the web site name wearesocial.net about the Facebook users in 2012, the users was 8,5 million people in Vietnam, 3 times as many as it was in 2009, surpass Zing Me about the users (8,2 million users). The speed of Facebook registration in Vietnam is very fast, about one person every 3 second. Geographical scopes: International: Facebook occurs almost in all countries in the world. According to giaiphapsem.net, Facebook have an enormous users in the world. In August 2013, there are 1,15 million people use Facebook, approximately 699 million people out of 1,15 million use Facebook everyday in all over the world. The avarage duration of a Facebook user in one day is 20 minutes. (http://giaiphapsem.net/thong-ke-khung-ve-so-nguoi-su-dung-facebook/). All of these data have demonstreated that Facebook is becoming the largest and the most popular social network in the world. National: In 2013, Vietnam ranked 16th in the world in the rate of growth of the Facebook users (according to the results of Socialbakers SocialTimes.Me’s reasearch 2013) The information have shown that Facebook is very popular in Vietnam nowadays. In the future, the people use Facebook will increase rapidly. Statistics about the Facebook users: According to socialbakers, the Facebook users in Vietnam is between 18 to 24 years old, the ages of colledge students, about 56%, take up more than half of all ages. The chart below show the percentage of the social network use in Vietnam in January 2014: The chart had shown that Facebook had the most users in Vietnan (95%) in January 2014. That mean Facebook is now very popular in Vetnam, a lot of people is using it today and it will increase the users in the future. Also by SocialBakers’s statistics, similar to other countries, the imbalance of gender on facebook also occurred in Vietnam. They had shown that the gender which use Facebook most in Vietnam is male (54%), more than a half. Problem The circumstances that lead to Facebook: Beacause of the popularity of Facebook, everyone in Vietnam use Facebook a lot, and that causes some negative issues for anyone who use Facebook too much. The other reasons why Vietnamese people use Facebook a a lot is that they want to communicate to each other easier. Facebook is more convinient then the mobile phone because Facebook doesn’t cost any money to communicate, which mean people is now keep in touch with each other very easy. The problem of Facebook in Vietnam: Facebook addiction: The first problem everyone will think is the Facebook addiction. Many people in Vietnam have the Facebook addiction. Vietnamese people use Facebook very much, in accordance with the statistics, Vietnamese young people use Facebook approximately 60 minutes per day. Some people use it every minute. However, the most people in Vietnam can’t take their eyes out of the computer screen when they use Facebook. Infer from GlobalWebIndex, the ratings of Vietnam is 10, out of 32countries have a Facebook addiction. The picture below show the coutries that have the most Facebook users. There are many reasons to explain the Facebook addiction, in that case, Dr. Brent Conrad, Clinical Psycologist for TechAddiction, have provided some reason for this problem. There are 21 reasons for that situation but here are 3 most popular reason why people in Vietnam like to use Facebook and use Facebook very much: -The first reason he gave is that Facebook allow people to catch-up very easy. Everyone can easily create an account and add some friend, they just the instucture, which doesn’t cost to much time to do, and then they will have an account. Moreover, the users don’t need to activate Facebook account so that they can easily have an acount. -Related to the first point, the secon reason he pointed out is the easily information sharing. According to that reason, Facebook allows people to share their information, include their personal information. Because of that, people can get the information of the others very fast. -The last reason is they want to tell the world that they are not alone. Today, many people in Vietnam have a lot of work to do, so that they don’t have time to have the social communicate, they can easily feel alone. With that situation, they go to Facebook to have more communication with other people to feel better and to say that they are not alone. (http://www.techaddiction.ca/why-is-facebook-addictive.html.) Virtual life: The another problem is the virtual life of many people in Vietnam today. They spend a lot of time to log in to Facebook sometimes for no reason. They use it at school, at home, even when they hang out with their friend. Facebook users who have a virtual life usually don’t want to go out and play with their friends. Even when they hang out with their friend, they also log on Facebook and don’t listen to the conversation. The people who have the virtual life on Facebook have a lot of expression. -The first thing they have is that they can’t get rid of Facebook. For more detail, they always say the word â€Å"Facebook† eveytime, everywhere, and they always think to Facebook whatever they do, even when they go out and play with their friends. For example, when they go out and eat something with their friends, or go to the movie theatre, they always take some pictures about the meals or the movie tickets to post on Facebook, they think that when they take these pictures, the meals or the movie could be more interesting. -The another expression is that they really proud of themselves when they have a lot of friends or followers on Facebook, they think that when someone have a lot of friends or followers on Facebook that mean that one can be very popular, even when they don’t have any reputation. -The last thing is that they very admire the â€Å"like† or â€Å"comment† on their Facebook. They love them too much that they don’t want to eat or do something good for their health. They say that they do not have to eat because when the â€Å"like† or â€Å"comment† increase, they feel vey full and healthy. Wasting too much time: The next problem usually happen to students. Facebook take too much of their time. They spend to much time on Facebook and then they lose their time for studying or playing with their family. The sequel is the decline in studying, or working. Therefore, some students have a bad results in study, and more terrible is that they can be repetition. Information leaked: The last problem is the most common problem on Facebook right now. It is the leak of information, especially personal information. The users can easily be stolen their information, the stealers can get the users information by a lot of way. However, the two most popular way is hacking or using viruses. -The first way is hacking. Sometimes, Facebook users are hacked by the hackers to get their information, and then the hackers can use the account they just hacked to trick the hacked users’s friends. The second purpose is that, the hackers can take the users’s information to extort the account owners. -The other way is using viruses, they use viruses and attack their target. With the viruses, the theft can easily get the information and then do the same way with the hackers. The picture below show the virus is being used nowaday http://www.thanhnien.com.vn/cong-nghe-thong-tin/xuat-hien-virus-lua-dao-tren-facebook-messenger-447076.html. To conclusion, hacking or using viruses can get the Facebook users’s information for many reason, for fun or for some bad aim. The users have to be careful with the weird link that appear in their Facebook. Solution: In Vietnam, the government had promulgated a lot of solution to reduce the use of Facebook, or to protect the Facebook users out of the problem that had been mentioned in previous part (especially information leaked) Reduce the use of Facebook: A lot of solutions had been propounded to reduce the use of Facebook. Here are some solutions that help to reduce it. -Vietnam used to forbade Facebook to prevent the increase the users and prevent the information leaked. Now, although the government allowed to use Facebook, however, they still raise the awareness to reduce the number of Facebook users. -Some family in Vietnam allow their children to access Facebook in a certain time, also call it the curfew time. By this way, the children can control their time on Facebook wisely. -Many schools or organisations in Vietnam open the communication classes or soft skill classes, like in OISP or the University of Natural Science. With these classes, people can get more confident and communication skill and prepare for a good real life communication. Protect the users from information leaked: Vietnam had enacted some solutions to protect, included some court of law to prevent users from being hacked or stolen information. Such as: -The government have some instruction about setting privacy on Facebook to prevent the hackers (http://vietlq.com/chong-hack-tai-khoan-facebook-nhung-cai-dat-bao-mat-ban-can-biet/.) -To help the users prevent the viruses, Vietnam government have some program to find and destroy the viruses, such as the BKAV (Bach Khoa Anti Virus) or the Avast. -Another way is that, the government also have a policy and law to ban the thefts and also raise the awareness to their people. Evaluation: Although these solutions seem very good, but teaching communication skills is the most effective solution of them all. However, that solution still have some advantages and disadvantages effect to Vietnamese people: Advantages: The previous part had mentioned some good effect of having communication class, it will help the users have more confident and communication skill to have a good conversation in the real life. The second benefit of communication is that the users will have a true feelings about everything. For example, a man always uses Facebook will never have a real emotions, because Facebook can’t transmit the true feelings of human, although Facebook have the emotion icon on messenger, however, that is not enough to let people know the feelling of each other. With the true feelings, human can build up a good relationship with each other. The last benefit of the communication skills is creating a strong attraction for people. If someone have good communication skills, that one will have more attraction to the other people. Disadvantages: Although teaching communication skill is the best solution, it still have some disadvantages. Because the communication class is very new with Vietnamese people, some people don’t want to learn it. To have good communication skills, the learner have to spend a lot of time learning it, so it cost to much time to learn. Conclusion: To sum up, although Facebook have a lot of benefits, it also cause some bad effect to Vietnamese people. In that case, the government should have some good policy to reduce the use of Facebook, and protect the Facebook users from the problem of Facebook (especially the information leaked). Furthermore, Vietnamese people should learn to communicate with other people to reduce the bad effect of Facebook. References: â€Å"Company Info | Facebook Newsroom†. Facebook. September 30, 2014. â€Å"Facebook Reports First Quarter 2013 Results†.FB. March 12, 2013. Ben Stocking (November 17, 2009).â€Å"Vietnam Internet users fear Facebook blackout† Red lines that cannot be crossed, The Economist, July 24, 2008 Cluley, Graham (February 1, 2010).â€Å"Revealed: Which social networks pose the biggest risk?†.Sophos Gabbatt, Adam; Arthur, Charles (November 15, 2010).â€Å"Facebook mail: it might kill Gmail, but its not email†.The Guardian(London). Facebook Becomes Third Biggest US Web Company http://www.thejakartaglobe.com/technology/facebook-becomes-third-biggest-us-web-company/406751. â€Å"Choose Your Privacy Settings†. Facebook. September 10, 2009. â€Å"Search Privacy†. Facebook. June 13, 2009. â€Å"Facebook Current Report, Form 8-K, Filing Date July 26, 2012†.SEC. July 26, 2012. Page 1

Municipal Budgeting and Revenue Essay -- Budget Finance Government Ess

Municipal Budgeting and Revenue Introduction Every government entity has a primary goal, which is to be as efficient and effective as possible while expending the smallest amount of resources. In addition, the resources expended cannot be more than the resources received as revenues. The budgeting process is a tool that assists government entities in being both efficient and effective. Before a budget can be adequately prepared, you must first understand the budgeting concept and secondly be knowledgeable of budget types. Local governments use budgets for a variety of reasons, including: accountability, planning, evaluation, and information. A municipal budget is a financial map to help guide public managers and administrators of a local government in a particular direction to function successfully in getting the work of its citizenry completed. The primary purposes of the governmental budget are to legitimize public expenditures and to account for and control the usage of public resources. As budgets evolve, officials find that the annual budget should be used for planning, coordinating, and scheduling programs. Demands on municipalities force them to engage in establishing priorities and monitoring how well the priorities are achieved. It is no longer possible for a municipal government to do everything for everyone. A municipal government must prioritize the services that are mandatory, urgent, and that are done well. Resources must be aligned with strategies and citizen’s needs by allocating them over some time frame; usually twelve months – a fiscal year. The budget communicates the objectives of the municipality to all of the stakeholders. Stakeholders in a municipality include the taxpayers that primarily fu... ...delivery they will provide in the expenditure side of the budget. Bibliography Allan, Ian J., Revenue Collection Administration, A Guide for Smaller Governments. Chicago: Government Finance Officers Association, 1993. League of California Cities, California Municipal Revenue Sources Handbook. Sacramento: League of CA Cities, 1995. League of California Cities, Financing Cities. Sacramento: www.cacities.org, 2000. Lehan, Edward A., Simplified Governmental Budgeting. Chicago: Municipal Finance Officers Association of the US and Canada, 1981. MacManus, Susan A., Revenue Patterns in US Cities and Suburbs: A Comparative Analysis. New York: Praeger Publishers, 1978. National League of Cities, City Fiscal Conditions in 1999. Washington D.C.: National League of Cities, 1999. Swartz, Thomas R., Urban Finance Under Siege. Armonk: M.E. Sharpe, 1993.

The Development Of Ancient Systems Of Writing In Iraq And Egypt :: essays research papers

The Development of Ancient Systems of Writing in Iraq and Egypt Ancient systems of writing in the Middle East arose when people needed a method for remembering important information. In both Ancient Iraq and Ancient Egypt each of the stages of writing, from pictograms to ideograms to phonetograms, evolved as a response to the need to express more complex ideas. Satisfaction of this need gave us the two most famous forms of ancient writing, cuneiform from ancient Iraq, and hieroglyphics from ancient Egypt. Both of these forms of writing evolved and their use spread to other peoples even after the originators of the scripts had passed on. Some of the oldest writing found in the Middle East dates from 8000 to 3000 B.C. This corresponds to the approximate time period that the people of the region went from living a nomadic life to settlement in villages and trading among themselves. When trading large or varying types of commodities you need a method for recording. To meet this need developed a token system for the recording of financial data. These tokens were of varying shapes for various things, two to three centimetres in size, and used for enumeration and keeping track of goods and labour. These tokens eventually had to be stored so they wouldn't be misplaced or lost. To secure them, they were placed in opaque clay envelopes. To indicate what was inside the envelope markings were made on it, eventually someone realized that all you had to do was mark on the clay what was in the envelope and you discard the tokens altogether. With this major development we get the first writing on clay tablets. In Ancient Mesopotamia the most readily available material for writing on was clay. When writing on clay first arose, the scribe would try to make an artistic representation of what he was referring to. This is a logical first step in writing as if you wanted to record that you had three sheep, you would draw a picture of a sheep and then add to the picture some marking to indicate that you had three of them. Thus the earliest stage in writing arose, pictograms. Pictograms, although not really writing in the modern sense of the term, do represent a method of communicating an event or message. They also "led to true writing through a process of selection and organization." As people wanted to write more down and in a faster method, the pictograms lost their artistic look and took on a more "stylised representation of an object by making a few marks in the clay . . . ." The writing was eventually written in "horizontal lines

The Significance of Art in The Republic of Plato

The Republic of Plato as parasols the justice of a censored society which, in reading The Republic as a philosophical treatise, is not surprising. Quotes abound in The Republic supporting this claim, such as â€Å"we must supervise the makers of tales; and if they make a fine tale, it must be approved, but if it's not, it must be rejected. We'll persuade nurses and mothers to tell the approved tales to their children and to shape their souls with tales more than their bodies with hands. Most of those they now tell must be thrown out. Bloom, Bibb)' Through-out the education of the guardians of the city within The Republic, Socrates restricts the poets and story tellers more and more, tossing out what ever would seem to harm his perfectly Just city or diminish the patriotism of those living within. It comes as no surprise that the casual reader may have qualms with this extreme censorship of the artist and what they are permitted to create. A closer reading and an Idea of the social s ignificance of the artist 2500 years ago, seems to reveal a different Intent to Socrates seemingly stubborn pollen of art.Plato was an artist himself, writing beautiful dramatic dialogues, which are most unlike the more modern philosophers like Kant or Hegel who write philosophical treatise. This distinction becomes important in how Plato Is read in comparison to other philosophers. In the mainstream philosophy of our time the most common way to read a philosopher's writing is through a collection of excerpts from many writers on a certain topic. These books are great for getting a lot of different views but unfortunately they destroy the messages contained in non philosophical treatise type writing, such as Plat's.Flats writing can not be taken out of context with excerpts. It would be Like taking Machete's speech from Shakespeare play Macbeth and saying that Is Shakespearean philosophy on the meaning of life, It simply does not do Justice to the writer and their work. The Republic Is about searching for Justice In the human soul, it is also about leading Glaucoma away from a political life because he has a possibly tyrannical soul (Palmer, 33-34)2. The arguments used to bring about these two points cannot be taken out of context from the book to portray a different theory of Plates.The prejudices against Plates philosophical writings usually come from taking an excerpt and applying logical analysis to prove his arguments invalid which simply displays a lack of understanding of how Plato writes. How Socrates came to talk to those in the dialogues, why he is talking to them, and what is not said is Just as important as what Is said in the Platonic dialogues, they are all dramas and should be read as such. Now that we have some reasons for doubting the common criticism of Plates views on art from The Republic.I would like to demonstrate specific reasons for doubting sides to bring about the perfectly Just city in speech and follow up with Socrates own criticism of this city and his reasons for doubting its relevance. The city in speech brought about with The Republic begins with the end of Socrates seeming refutation of Trashcans which Glaucoma rejects and restates the argument for further scrutiny (AAA-361 d). The argument is over whether it is a better life to live perfectly Just or perfectly unjust.Glaucoma states the argument as such â€Å"For I desire to hear what each is and what power it has all alone by itself when t is in the soul†dismissing its wages and its consequences. â€Å"(Bloom, Bibb) After some convincing, Socrates accepts the challenge to defend Justice (ICC). In taking on this feet, Socrates contrives an easier way to spot Justice in the soul. He claims that justice in the soul is like small letters and hard to see while Justice in a city is like big letters and will be easier to see (ICC-d). So Socrates sets out to creating a perfectly just city in speech to flush out Justice in the soul.Whether or not this is a decent attempt to find Justice will be dealt with later by Socrates himself. The first city created, or the first stage of the city, is based on a â€Å"city of utmost necessity' and grows only to the size of a small city (Palmer, 16; Bibb-371 b). Glaucoma rejects this simple city and wants one with more luxury (ICC-d). Socrates believes the first city created was the true and healthy city but he agrees to create a â€Å"feverish† city (IEEE). This forces the city to grow much larger and to take land away from neighbors to support it and, in doing so the city will need an army (37th-e).Attendants urges for a discussion of how these â€Å"guardians† of the city will be educated and reluctantly Socrates accepts and says like men telling myths within a myth we will educate the guardians (Palmer, 16; 37th). Socrates, in his own creation of this city in speech, is claiming here that he is telling a myth, and further, that the education of the guardians is a myth within a myth. This, ironically, is the beginning of the education of the guardians in which Socrates brings about his famed censorship.Socrates continues to give clues to his disapproval of his own argument, as if he is just putting on a show at this point. After discovering Justice in the city, Socrates ants to find out if it corresponds to Justice in the soul, remember the big and small letters. Socrates says â€Å"We were, I believe, saying that in order to get to the finest possible look at these things another and longer road around would be required, and to the man who took it they would become evident, but that proofs on a level with what had been said up to then could be tacked on.And you all said that would suffice. And so, you see, the statements made at that time were, as it looks to me, deficient in precision. If they were satisfactory to you, only you can tell. â€Å"(Bloom, Bibb; n reference to Dodd) Amazingly, Glaucoma accepts what Socrates called a deficient argument on both occasions, although the serious reader probably should not. (As Palmer, 23, remarks: â€Å"Heretofore, the arguments were so lacking in precision that they may have been without any value whatsoever (AAA-b). ) Socrates to tell how it could come into being (471 c-e). Glaucoma forgets, as most readers do, that the city was not created for the purpose of creating a city but for discovering Justice in the human soul. Socrates reminds him, in length, of his mistake and what the true purpose of the city is (Bibb-Bibb). Glaucoma's demand that the good city in speech be realized measures exactly the degree to which he has not understood the Republic. (Penetrate, 123)3 As seems to be true for anyone who believes Socrates was trying to create a true city, and therefore, any regulations Socrates makes within this city. Further evidence for this is evident later on when Glaucoma declares that the philosophers will not mind the business of politics because he finally understands the nonsen sical nature of the city. But, Socrates again reminds him of what they were really talking about and that the philosopher will mind the equines of the city within himself, he will mind the business of his own soul (Palmer, 32).Although the city in speech within The Republic does not seem to represent a real city and should not be taken as a literal attempt to create a perfectly Just city in reality, the fact remains that Plato does seem to be very hard on the artist, especially the poets. The image of the cave sets up mankind as looking at the shadows of artifacts displayed on the wall of a cave by the poets (Palmer, 28; AAA-51 AAA). This gives good reason for Socrates being so hard on them in the creation of the city in beech if the poets are the ones deceiving mankind.Today, of course, poets are not an influence on political life and it would seem ridiculous to accuse them of writing false poems. In Athens and ancient Greek culture, the poets were a major influence. They were the authority on the gods and on virtue. In fact, they were the only authority that would be quoted in a trial or by a representative of the people. They would be very well known by almost all inhabitants of Athens. â€Å"The poets are the unacknowledged legislators of mankind† (Penetrate, 223). It was not the arts homeless which Plato was attacking but their significance in politics.Plato was attempting to replace the poet's authority with the authority of philosophy or of reason, which would seem most natural to anyone today. Plat's true intent in his criticism of the poets is brought up later on in The Republic when in book X he attacks Homer specifically. He compares Homer to the likes of an artisan that makes objects or anything he wants including gods through representation (ICC). Glaucoma claims that this man could only be a sophist (59th). The implicit problem that Socrates poses with the poet is that he does not give an explanation of himself.Homer talks about virtuous p eople and the fantastic deeds they do but these heroes do not praise the poets for their deeds. The poet seems to have no place in his own writing and their â€Å"Speech seems to be subordinate to the deed. † Of the people they are praising (Bloom, 430). Socrates claims that the poet is an imitator of an imitator, in that, the poet appeals to the people and what they want and is only popular if they approve, he must follow the popular view. The people's view is shaped by the legislator who lays down laws in view of what he believes would be natural law (Bloom, 432).

Elisabeth Bishop’s poem “The Fish” Essay

Elizabeth Bishop’s poem The Fish narrates the changing attitude of the speaker towards the fish. First, the fish is described as ancient and grizzled, showing signs of death and decay. However, upon closer inspection, the fish is made out to be a survivor of many battles. Through the use of figurative language, the poet shows the speaker’s shift from noting only the fish’s dejection to admiring him for his past glories. Bishop begins with the personification of the fish into a figure of defeat and age. The speaker mentions that the fish had not fought at all, as though he had given up all hope. She compares the fish’s skin to old wallpaper which would not be securely attached to the wall as skin loses firmness with age. In addition, Bishop details the extent of the fish’s injuries, everything from lice and barnacles to the fresh blood of his wounds. Such imagery invokes feelings of decay and abandonment as parasites are allowed to slowly consume him. The speaker also contemplates the fish’s innards, suggesting that his has become a mass of flesh and bone without spirit. The speaker furthers the personification of the fish by looking into his eyes and remarking that he had not looked back fully. Instead, the fish had only shifted his stare a little towards the light, further suggesting lack of will while giving the fish a very human feeling of dejection. Not caring about the face of his conqueror, the fish only seeks to confront death, represented by the light that he turns towards. The focus on the fish’s physical structure denotes the fish’s lack of spirit yet it is this very lifelessness that gives the fish the human emotions of apathy and hopelessness. Through the personification of the fish, the poet shows the speaker’s projection of lack of spirit and hope onto the fish. In contrast, the speaker’s discovery of past hooks imbedded into the fish’s mouth gives him the persona of a fallen war hero who has survived many battles in the past. The speaker’s perception then changes from one of lifelessness to one of courage and animation, denoted by the admiration in the speaker’s tone. Upon seeing the frayed lines, she uses verbs of action and struggle as she imagines the fish fighting and breaking the line. Thus,  the poet’s comparison of the lines to ribbons furthers the fish’s appearance as a hero retaining the medals of his victory. The further comparison of the thread to a beard of wisdom shows the speaker’s admiration of the fish’s accumulation of experience through time. The author then explains that he boat become filled with victory in the appearance of a rainbow. A rainbow can be associated with triumph and survival, as the viewer can enjoy the calmness after a storm, often a scene of chaos and potential violence especially combined with the boat setting. Through viewing the remains of the past struggles that the fish has faced, the speaker’s perception of the fish changes him from a being in decline to the survival of past battles. In The Fish, Bishop transforms an old fish the speaker caught into a glorious figure of reverence. Bishop uses personification and analogies to set up the fish as dejected and lacking in spirit. However, the speaker’s perception changes and tone is markedly more of admiration while symbolism is added as the remains of the fish’s struggle become the trophies of victory. By employing personification and symbolism, Bishop uses figurative language to denote the speaker’s changing understanding of the fish.

The Production of Space by Lefebvre Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Production of Space by Lefebvre - Essay Example Lefebvre (1994, quoted in notbored.org, n.d.) in his book The Production of Space gives an insightful and realistic expression of geography, â€Å"An existing space may outlive its original purpose and the raison d'etre which determines its forms, functions, and structures; it may thus in a sense become vacant, and susceptible of being diverted, reappropriated and put to a use quite different from its initial one.† According to Lefebvre, â€Å"space† is otherwise known as a society. Time is only measured by instruments such as clocks and is only paid attention to when we are at work and the society we created actually has no real sense of time. This quote best introduces the topic of this writing as we focus on how classic urban theory shapes the views of the nature of hyper stimulation, phantasmagoria, and alienation. We shall also discuss geographers' understanding of the modern city and the contradictions of modernity, which are characterized by a tendency to order, space, and time whilst, simultaneously, its ruination and fragmentation (Berman 1982). Continuing the modern post urban experience in shaping spaces and consumptions of modern geographies of the twentieth century is the course of geography. ... specifications to a geography of modernity in which "an organic community lives in an age where a multiplicity of international and domestic material transformations"(Mackinder 1904: 434). This transformation is so extreme that not only do we use architecture to embrace all forms of dreaming and fantasy, but we also can use our hairstyles and clothing to create the geography that we fantasize, making it into our own reality. Geographers are influenced by Lefebvre's understanding of the modern Page 3 city. He states that space and time are driven by the forces of production and by industry, proletarian and revolutionary rationality. Some geographers mimic His view of space, as quoted in Henri Lefebvre's The Production of Space, "is actually experienced, in its depths, as duplications, echoes and reverberations, redundancies and doublings-up which engender -- and are engendered by -- the strangest of contrasts." While the internal divisions (the nine sharply-defined chapters) of The Society of the Spectacle -- reminiscent somehow of wide boulevards that ensure the smooth circulation of traffic -- make sure that the book's major themes do not interfere with each other, The Production of Space (to once again quote its author out of context) is "penetrated by, and shot through with, the weaker tendencies characteristic of networks and pathways." Unlike Debord, who uses the same paths to arrive at different points, Lefebvre arrives at the same points by using different paths". Berman (1982) states that the contradictions of modernity are characterised by a tendency to order space and time while simultaneously promoting their ruination and

Project Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 3

Project - Research Paper Example 2006). Furthermore, the project will utilize locally available materials and hence individuals will earn a living as a result. Of important to note it that the new road design require little maintenance and hence a lot of saving will be made. The road design creates emergency section for ambulances and breakdowns. This makes it easier to respond to various crises along the three-lane road, (Dibb, S. 2009.) Since many pedestrians and drivers have no prior experience in using such roads, a lot of training and workshops require to be initiated so as to equip them with the relevant information. When drivers use the frontier lane without controlling the access to the main lane, this increases the number of intersections and hence conflicting points (Frank, R. et al 1972). A large number of conflicting points usually lead to congestions and accidents. Though materials for building the road will be purchased from the locals, it is important to note that most of the materials are not available locally. In addition, locals will only be employed for manual jobs only. Senior positions will filled by the contractors. Lastly, the project has no plans on how vandalism of lighting and metal barricades will be reduced, (McDonald, M.

To-Be Process Flowchart and Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

To-Be Process Flowchart and Paper - Essay Example Mind Tools (1996-2015) talks about the effects of waste in relation to cost. From this site it is affirmed that "Waste costs you and your customer’s money", which is an implication that is nothing is done about it soon enough then the consumers might consider finding a much better place. Anything adding no value to the final product can be termed as waste. Mind Tools (1996-2015) goes ahead to list some of the most common wastes in organizations (businesses) that end up increasing the production costs for no good reason. They include; overproduction, waiting, inefficient transportation of materials, over-processing, and production mistakes/defects, and inefficient use of workers. All is these can bring about unnecessary expenses in the production process and that explains why the to-be process focuses on selling credible ideas to the Boeing Company to help it get rid of waste and minimize production costs in the long run. Let us take for instance transportation in the Boeing Company. The company has to implement the to-be process effectively in order to manage the manner in which it transports its products. This will help the company determine whether its manner of transportation is efficient or not. Inefficient transportation in this case means the company is probable transporting production materials more frequent that the materials are being used perhaps due to fear of exhaustion. This could also lead to another waste problem as damage of the materials due to lack of proper storage and in the end more will have been spent due to poor planning. Therefore, managing wastes is as good as managing costs. This can then be achieved by first identifying the waste, analyzing it to find the root cause, and then solving the root cause. This cycle goes on and it is therefore imperative to acknowledge that the to-be process for the Boeing Company is very appropriate as it contains the as-is process flowchart w hich is

The Ideas of Scott McClouds Understanding Comics Essay

The Ideas of Scott McClouds Understanding Comics - Essay Example McCloud makes the reader understand the relationship between words and images. He begins with the explanation, how the words develop from images and later become the communicating ideas. The message giving process may lay emphasis on words or picture. These are used in children’s study books and comics. The children love the play and jugglery of words and the picture-images, as they fulfill their hunger for fantasies. The relationship between words and images is quite exciting. McCloud argues, â€Å"Words — are the ultimate abstraction."(47)Carefully planned and placed headlines and similar inter-titles kindle curiosity of the reader about the contents of the article. McCloud is aware of the strength of the words and images in the print and electronic media, and how they can create ripples in the minds of the readers. Read this title on the front page of a newspaper relating to a financial scandal. â€Å"Millionaire Brown is in million dollar jam!† McCloud has r ightly pointed out that use of words and images are like dance partners who know their roles. They support and challenge each other to create the magical effect. For example, a caricature of corruption may convey more than what is stated in a full-length article on the subject. It has the capacity to strike hard at the societal ills in a satirical style. It gets to the point and gives the message, without hurting. McCloud asserts that we have only scratched the surface of the relationship between words and images. Their relationship is profound and it generates credence to the progression of action in the story. An artist sees art in most of the human activities, whether they are big or small, and extracts something special from them and provides meaningful interpretations either through words or pictures. Such interpretations are not part of his academic knowledge; they are the just spontaneous overflow of his ideas! Spectacular results are obtained and presented before the audienc e, the effect of which may last for generations, depending upon the latent potency of such combinations by the genius artist. The potential creativity of the comics beats the effectiveness of the painter and the writer; it depicts and says something without hurting which results in fountains of joy. The creator of the comics blends the aesthetic response in them and enjoys being in the role of a clown rather than a troubleshooter hero. This clown often reveals profound truths, often in a satirical form. His messages are the true reflections of the goings on in the society, and he pictures them without malice to anyone, without fear or favor. The criticism is often enjoyed by the one against whom it is directed and the societal response to his actions is light-hearted. The comic demands less space but the ‘built-up’ area within it is massive. McCloud writes, â€Å"Space does for comics what time does for a film!"(7) The word has a specific meaning, but a million viewers of the comic enjoy an equal number of interpretations.

Legal and financial environment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Legal and financial environment - Essay Example The contracts should also define the working hours and the leaves an employee should get. Moreover, any related employment policies such as anti-bribery laws make part of the contract. The rules and regulation relating the job assigned needs explicit statements. The relationship between the employer and the employee needs clarity. Nevertheless, the employee should know the ground in which issues such as dismissal, resigning from works occur. Moreover, the contract should define the expectations of the employer from the employees. That way, confusion would be minimal in that the employees will focus on what they are expected of to facilitate achieving the company’s goals and objectives (Cipd.co.uk, 2015). The U.K employment laws prohibit laws that discriminate in any way against any individual when making job advertisements. Some of the general rules that Grace and tailor should follow to avoid accusations during advertising and recruiting are mentioned below. First, the job advert must not imply or state that there will be discrimination of anyone. For instance, it should not imply that the company does not prefer workers with a disability. The use of a common phrase like â€Å"averagely experience† or â€Å"fresh graduates† is inappropriate. The platform where one advertises may also imply indirect discrimination, for example, advertising the job in the women’s magazine. Noticeably, specifying the age limit may also involve discrimination. During the recruiting process, the law prohibits the inclusion of date of birth on an application letter. Selecting potential employees for an interview based on age appears to be discriminative. Moreover, the U.K employment laws say that an applicant need not to talk about criminal convictions if any though areas such as schools may not have the rule applying to them. The employer should not use the membership of a trade union to influence the decision to

The development of an individual Essay Example for Free

The development of an individual Essay Income, money is always a problem when theres not enough of it, Money will always have an impact on peoples lives, In the UK there are millions of people still living in poverty, even with all the benefit schemes in place. Physically: Adults with a low with a low income may be slightly more overweight than someone with a higher income due to the fact that they cannot spend money on gyms, healthy foods and so on, if they have children theyre most likely to follow the same way. Its been proven that those who live in poorer areas dont live as long. Intellectually: With the education today (mainly universities) prices are increasing largely. Those who are the lower class wont benefit as much as those whom are in the higher class. This includes both teenagers and adults. Emotionally: Not bringing in a lot of money can affect you seriously; it can make you depressed, worried, sad, it may also make you lose motivation instead of gaining it. Being an adult you have larger responsibilities than a teenager, Adults with a family have to support each person within that family and with a low income this can become impossible. Socially: Younger people will find it harder in these areas due to the appearance the present and it may end up in conflict towards society i. e. gangs, robberies, drug dealing and so on. Where as adults have the whole financial problems on the shoulders. No matter what they do theyll always be stuck for money, which then also impacts their childrens lives. Nutrition and dietary choices, its always in the media; telling us how to look; what to eat; what to wear, but who said people have to look a certain way, I agree yes that if you are overweight youre cutting your years shorter however theres people out there that are that perfect Size-Zero who may smoke or drink excessive amount of alcohol which probably shortens your life even more. Physically: Both adults and teenagers may be able to do more things such as sports and so on. If an adult smokes or drinks they are lowering the lung capacity and heightening the risk of cancer. Intellectually: It may persuade you to go to work or get a job in the first place, due to you mood and how much you like to socialise with people. Most people who are doing more manual jobs are more likely to smoke rather than those who work in offices and so on. Emotionally: Diets arent all that bad; they can improve your moods and make you feel great about yourself, but they can also do the opposite if you cant lose the weight that you want to. Adults and teenagers are getting similar in terms of dieting, most adult want to look good and teenagers are now starting to read the media and become anxious about how they look. Socially: You may also socialise a lot more than usual as well especially if you go to gyms on a regular basis, youre bound to meet new people and make friends. Even though its bad for your health, smokers are more likely to meet new people due to the smoking ban and having to go outside.

Is The Criminal Justice System Fit For Purpose Criminology Essay

Is The Criminal Justice System Fit For Purpose Criminology Essay This essay will an examination of the aims and objectives of the criminal justice system, looking at how effective it is with regards to the punishment and rehabilitation of offenders, the public opinion on its effectiveness using statistics and reports, and specifically targeting the issue of flaws within the prison and parole services, also a brief look at where we are today in comparison to many years ago in the earliest period of Crime and Investigation. We know from a great many sources and from history that the Criminal Justice System, in one form or another, goes back many thousands of years, in this essay we will also look at the history of Criminal Justice in order to determine whether, through time, it has become more effective or less effective or if the system itself has been consistently effective since it was first put into practice. The first sign of a Criminal Justice System came many thousands of years ago in Ancient China, the name of the system at the time was not Criminal Justice it was actually the Prefecture system, this system was developed in both the Chu and the Jin Kingdoms of Ancient China. Perhaps more relevant or similar to the Criminal Justice System we know today, would be the systems used in Pre-Modern Europe. In Pre-Modern Europe many thousands of years ago crime in Ancient Greece and Rome for example was very much viewed as a private matter, it was the prerogative of the victims family members to exact some form of justice. Vendettas and private wars were common place as a means of protecting themselves against criminality. The first sign of a government instigating policing of the people came from the Ancient Greeks and the Romans, in Athens a group of 300 Scythian slaves were assigned to guard public meetings to keep order and for crowd control, they also assisted in dealing with criminals, manhandling prisoners and making arrests. Other cases associated with policing including investigating crimes were left to the citizens themselves. The Roman Empire had a pretty effective law enforcement system until the decline of the empire, though there was never an actual police force per-say in the city of Rome. When Rome was under the reign of Augustus the capital had grown to a population of almost one million inhabitants, Augustus created fourteen wards each protected by a garrison of one thousand men who could call for the assistance of the Praetorian Guard if necessary. Then in the beginning of the 5th century, Policing became the duties of the clan chiefs and heads of state. During the middle Ages, crime and punishment were dealt with through blood feuds (or trial by ordeal) between the peoples involved. Payment to the victim or family, which was known as a wergild, was another common punishment, this included violent crimes. For those who could not afford to buy their wa y out of punishment, harsher penalties included various forms of corporal punishment. Such as mutilation, whipping, branding, and flogging, the most severe of these was execution. The primary form of state-administered punishment during ancient times and the middle Ages was banishment or exile. Though a prison was in existence as early as the 14th century in Florence, incarceration or long term detainment was not widely used until the 19th century. The Anglo-Saxon system of maintaining public order was a private system consisting of separate tithings, and since the Norman conquest, which was based on a social obligation for the good conduct of the others; more common was that local lords and nobles were responsible to maintain order in their lands, and often appointed a constable, often unpaid, to enforce the law. The Ancient Romans also played a huge role in the criminal justice system. Even the toga symbolizes the wig a magistrate wears in the legal system that exists today. So when we look at the assignment of those to a position of public order, were they more, or less effective than cases being handled solely by the people, this is difficult to determine as the first officially recorded crime statistics were the BCS or British Crime Survey in 1982, however we can look back and see a far more effective level of justice since the appointment of law officials and crime investigators. The British Crime Survey 1982 present looks at the publics experiences of crime (in the earlier dates asking about crimes experienced in the year before) weather these crimes were reported or not, this determined the important alternative crimes to the more commonly known and reported, for the police records. The questions asked covered the victims of crime, the circumstances to which incidents occurred and the behaviour of the offenders committing the crimes. Through these enquiries the survey provides information to inform crime reduction measures and to gauge their effectiveness. Through this the BCS was able to determine peoples attitudes regarding the criminal justice system, police and courts system. These actions have given the Public a relatively balanced and reasonable amount of information regarding crime/criminal behaviour. In order to determine how effective the criminal justice system is given that we know all the facts (from the BCS), we need to identify what measures to use, to measure the effectiveness. For Example looking at the public confidence in criminal justice agencies, public confidence in other government agencies, public fear of crime, proportion of taxes/national expenditure going to justice agencies, the crime rate, the proportion of the population who are criminals and the number of cases of infringement of human rights by justice agencies (Lewis 2003). The methods or processes countries have to tackle the issue of making the Criminal Justice system fit for purpose. There are government and voluntary organisations who take up the role of drawing attention to poor or unfit justice processes, local managerial structures designed for justice agencies and local government to build effectiveness ensuring that there is a level of quality control, and government funded inspection processes. The projected plans or ideas of these is that the public in general knows very well whether or not the justice process works. The public will slowly a ccept and deal with certain levels of crime and public surveillance but not so much so that it inspires paranoia, they are also likely expect the police and courts to be tough and yet turn a blind eye to some practices which may be an infringement of human rights. But only up to a certain limit as there is only so much the public can cope with. Interestingly in most countries even those that are well funded and governed there is a rather low general knowledge of the Criminal Justice System. There are many countries where the justice agencies are in effect independent to the political parties, so changing politicians will not make a great deal of difference. This is certainly the case in England and Wales today, where the Labour government has chosen simply to continue most of the policies of the previous Tory government, with the prison population inevitably continuing to grow. The Governments criminal justice system is not fit for purpose (Moses 2010), Colin Moses a high ranking me mber of the Prison Officers Association felt that prisons are being placed in a position that forces them to cut their budgets at a time when England and Wales are holding a record high number of prisoners. And now the Government is being forced to pay out compensation to offenders. This compensation is brought about by prisoners taking cases to the London High Court regarding the delay of Parole Hearings, with some prisoners finding the delay was in breach of their human rights and said that the delay was generally speaking totally unacceptable. One individual added that, with pressure ever growing on the Parole Board as a result of new legislation and the introduction of indeterminate sentences, it was actually the obligation of the Government to have provided the necessary resources for what was clearly a predictable and indeed inevitable increase in the workload (Collins 2010). This would be a terrific blow to the Criminal Justice System being regarded by the public to be fit fo r purpose, as Legal experts have made claims that in past cases, compensation has been approximately one hundred pounds for each day an inmate is wrongly detained. This is a considerable amount as the average delay in holding parole hearings is five months. The shadow justice secretary, said: It is appalling that public money should be wasted like this (Herbert 2010). This large amount of the tax payers money could quite easily have paid for secure accommodation required to hold or detain prisoners so that violent offenders are not released early onto the streets of England and Wales. When Gordon Brown was chancellor he refused to provide sufficient prison capacity and has subsequently overloaded the prison and probation services, and re-offending has continued to rise excessively. The firm Bhatt Murphy, which a present has more than twenty compensation claims pending, had stated that the Parole Board has accepted, privately, that it is in breach of the law and is having to cope wit h the Governments continuous failures to think through logically all of the relevant policies. With an ever growing case load, the Parole Board is finding it difficult to the extreme to assemble the judges, psychologists and probation officers who are required to assess each case within the given time. Parole Hearings are held specifically for all types of violent and sex offenders. Given this information the public must not be reassured of the Criminal Justice Systems effectiveness and worse still is a statement made later by the head of the Parole Board. Christine Glen had admitted to the constitutional affairs select committee that the backlog of cases involving parole for prisoners was completely unacceptable and she even stated that it was likely to worsen (Harper 2007). This does not inspire a great deal of confidence in the Criminal Justice System and its ability to be fit for purpose. Another public relations spokesman for the Parole Board had stated that in spite of the gov ernment putting considerable efforts into addressing all of these problems, the deferral rate is still so high it is deemed unacceptable. The single largest contributing factor remains to be the sixty per cent of cases received late from prisons and a further ten per cent of cases not actually received at all before the date the hearings were meant to take place. Also stated was that they are aware that there are unacceptable delays in hearing cases and that this raises the possibility of breaches of the European Convention on Human Rights and subsequent compensation claims from prisoners who are kept in custody longer than necessary. All this scandal is the latest controversy to hit the criminal justice system. In June 2007, it was revealed that inmates released early would receive almost two hundred pounds to compensate them for eighteen days of lost prison space. These actions were an attempt to reduce overcrowding. The ever growing issue of overcrowding has pushed the Prison Service to have to spend more than six million pounds to house six hundred convicts in police cells. In spite of the fact that thousand were walking free early, the prison population stood at 80,229 inmates in 2007, forcing dozens of inmates back into police cells. This is all clear evidence that the Criminal Justice System has tremendous flaws. Lord Phillips said in an interview with The Independent: The reasons for the rise in the prison population are quite complex but there is no doubt it has been steadily growing and the forecast is that this trend will continue. Certainly some criminal legislation dealing with sentencing has had the effect of imposing longer sentences or sentences which keep people in prison until they demonstrate they are no longer dangerous. (Phillips 2010). One subject of particular concern was the new indeterminate sentence for public protection or as its also known the IPP, which was brought in four years prior. Recently the Prison Governors Association and the Liberal Democrats stated that hundreds of convicts who could be released were being detained in prisons because the Government had failed to pay for the necessary drug treatment and rehabilitation courses for the offenders. Lord Phillips also said he had reservations about the IPP sentence which includes a minimum term, after which the prisoner has to show that he or she is suitable for release and no longer a danger to society (Verkaik 2009). The judge involved had stated that he knew the legislation had been changed to meet some of the concerns but that he was not clear about the latest figures regarding prisoners detained beyond their minimum required sentence. The Government says a further three million pounds was made available to aid with resourcing IPPs. When I was involved it was apparent there was a resource problem when dealing with IPP prisoners in relation to giving them the rehabilitation that they needed in order to be in a position to demonstrate they were no longer a danger, and also there was a problem with the resources of the parole board in considering whether or not they ought to be released (Phillips 2009). He also added that Prisons must be provided for individuals judges send to prison. And that what governs the overall prison population is a complicated question and legislation dealing with sentencing can then increase or decrease a prison population. He explained however that he had always been in favor of alternatives to custody although that would be down to the discretion of the judge. So in conclusion, there are many flaws in the Criminal Justice System but what ciaos could the nation be experiencing without the Criminal Justice System as we know it today, and to what extent would crime exist if there were a different system. No the Criminal Justice System is fit for Purpose.