5 Ways to Minimize Prepositional Phrases

5 Ways to Minimize Prepositional Phrases 5 Ways to Minimize Prepositional Phrases 5 Ways to Minimize Prepositional Phrases By Mark Nichol A prepositional phrase is a series of words beginning with a preposition and providing additional information in a sentence that pertains to position (hence the word preposition) or relationship; the phrase â€Å"with a preposition† is itself a prepositional phrase. Though such phrases are not inherently undesirable, they are often easily avoidable contributors to compositional clutter. This post lists and describes five strategies for eliminating prepositional phrases by omission or alteration. 1. Use Active Voice A prepositional phrase beginning with by often signals an opportunity to convert a passively constructed sentence into active voice (and render it more concise), as when â€Å"The action was seen by observers as nothing more than a delaying tactic† is revised to â€Å"Observers saw the action as nothing more than a delaying tactic.† 2. Omit Prepositions Many nouns pertaining to a characteristic or a quality are nominalizations, or buried verbs, which are valid words but should be used in moderation, if at all, because they encourage verbose and overly formal composition. The sentence â€Å"They conducted an investigation of the incident,† for example, becomes more concise when one converts the noun investigation into its verb form and alters the rest of the sentence accordingly: â€Å"They investigated the incident.† (This strategy reduces the three-word prepositional phrase by only the preposition itself, but it further simplifies- and shortens- what comes before.) 3. Omit Prepositional Phrases In the sentence â€Å"John Smith is the best runner on the team,† the prepositional phrase â€Å"on the team† may already be apparent from the context, so consider omitting it: â€Å"John Smith is the best runner.† 4. Use Adverbs in Place of Prepositional Phrases Just as conversion of a nominalization into a verb can render a prepositional phrase unnecessary, such a phrase can be eliminated by changing an adjective to an adverb and further revising the sentence accordingly: â€Å"Jane stared at him with a quizzical expression† becomes â€Å"Jane stared at him quizzically† (or even, by omitting the sentence’s other prepositional phrase, â€Å"Jane stared quizzically†). 5. Use Genitives in Place of Prepositional Phrases A genitive, or possessive, can substitute for a prepositional phrase beginning with of, as when â€Å"John sensed the annoyance of his teacher when he offered yet another glib excuse† is revised to â€Å"John sensed his teacher’s annoyance when he offered yet another glib excuse.† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Grammar category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Addressing A Letter to Two PeopleDoes "Mr" Take a Period?Using Writing Bursts to Generate Ideas and Enthusiasm

This Sites Massive Collection of Book Reviews Grows Weekly

This Sites Massive Collection of Book Reviews Grows Weekly Since 1976, The Midwest Book Reviews (MBR) Editor-in-Chief, James A. Cox, has been reviewing books. Now, more than 40 years later, the MBR has developed into a useful online resource for librarians, booksellers, and the general reading public with its extensive collection of book reviews and tools for writers and small-press publishers. In fact, according to the site, its core mission is to promote literacy, library usage, and small press publishing. While Cox personally reviews between 30 and 40 books a month, he also oversees the 600+ reviews that are contributed each month by staff, volunteers, and freelance reviewers.Navigating the siteWith content expanded monthly, the MBR organizes and links everything from How to articles to its extensive list of book reviews and writer resources. Along the left-hand side of the page, youll see links to the reviews that have been written, divided as follows:The Bookwatch- This is a monthly library newsletter of book reviews generated by the ed itorial staff of the MBR. It includes titles in all genres and categories.California Bookwatch- This page includes reviews of books, music, games, and DVDs that are by California authors, California publishers, focus specifically on California history and issues, or are suggested for California readers or community collections by the MBR.Childrens Bookwatch- This page features reviews of books, music, games, and DVDs for preschool through young adult readers.Internet Bookwatch (The Bookwatch, Library Bookwatch, and Wisconsin Bookwatch combined)- This monthly library newsletter is a compilation of book reviews written by the editorial staff of the MBR for titles in all genres and categories and are highly recommended for community and academic library collections.Library Bookwatch- Library Bookwatch is a monthly library newsletter of book reviews generated by the editorial staff of the Midwest Book Review for titles in all genres and categories, as highly recommended acquisitions by academic and community librarians for their collections and their library patrons.MBR Bookwatch (reviews by senior volunteer reviewers)- The MBR Bookwatch is a published monthly online and showcases specialized reviewers, author interviews, as well as expert editorial observations of various aspects of publishing world.Reviewers Bookwatch- This is a forum in which volunteer reviewers make their reviews accessible.Small Press Bookwatch- This page is dedicated to posting reviews for self-published fiction and non-fiction, or books that have been published by small press or Print-On-Demand (POD) services.Wisconsin Bookwatch- This monthly newsletter of book reviews is created by the editorial staff of the MBR and includes titles, genres and categories that are highly recommended by Wisconsins academic and community librarians for their collections, their library patrons, and the general reading public.Publishers Bookshelf- Reviews of books written on the topics of publishing and self-p ublishing.Writers Bookshelf- Reviews of books written for writers to hone and develop their craft.Becoming a reviewer for the MBROne great feature of the MBR is they accept volunteer reviews of books, audiobooks, ebooks, music CDs, movies on DVD, and computer software. This is a strictly volunteer position and all volunteers retain the copyright to their reviews, making it a great way for review writers to get their name out there. The reviews are also nonexclusive, which means they can be published elsewhere without copyright infringement. These reviews are run in the MBRs Reviewers Bookwatch and reviewers who submit two or more reviews per month will also get their own bylined column.To submit a review, email it to mwbookrevw@aol.com and be sure to copy and paste it in the body of an email with REVIEW written as the subject line. The MBR sets volunteer review submission deadlines on the 25th day of each month at 12:00 a.m., and any reviews submitted after that time and date will b e held for publication the following month.When your review is published, the MBR will send an email to you notifying you that it has been included on the website and in the newsletter. If your review is rejected, they will likewise notify you by email. To ensure that your review isnt rejected, be sure to include the following information in your review submission:TitleAuthorPublisherPublishers address13-digit ISBN number (a 10-digit ISBN is accepted)List Price (in U.S. Dollars, if possible)Your nameYour e-mail addressYour website URL (optional, but can be a part of your byline)Getting your book reviewedEvery indie author knows that getting your book reviewed is an important step to book sales, and the Midwest Book Review accepts submissions for reviews of print books, audiobooks, CDs, and DVDs. Its important to note that they give priority consideration to small publishers, self-published authors, academic presses, and specialty publishers, and provide reviews for free.However, if you need to submit an eBook, pre-publication manuscript, galley, uncorrected proof, ARC or PDF file, they do charge a $50 reader fee. These fees are sent to the specific reviewer and not sent to the MBR directly.If you want to submit your work for review, the MBR requires the following:Two copies of the published book.A cover letterA publicity or press release. This (or the cover letter) must include either a physical address or an email address to send the review to.Keep in mind that there is an approximate 4 to 6-week window of opportunity for a book to be assigned out for review.Advice for writers and publishersWriting is a difficult process and knowing how to navigate the publishing world is even harder. Thats why the advice of others who have written and published is so valuable, and the MBR offers articles that do just that. Topics cover everything from Amazon Book Review Guidelines and Author Photo Advice to Tips on Working with a Publicist and TV Interview Tips For Authors a nd are written by experts in the industry.Book publicity and marketingThe Midwest Book Reviews book publicity and marketing link takes visitors to a list of resources available for book publicity and marketing services. There is also an extensive, alphabetized list of independent publicists that MBRs Editor-in-Chief, James Cox, deals with on a regular basis. The list includes each publicists contact information, as well as a brief description of the services they offer.Additional resourcesThe Midwest Book Reviews side menu contains dozens of additional resources for writers and small publishers, including links to bookseller associations, copyright resources, distributors wholesalers, interviews testimonials, Jim Cox reports (collections of opinions, advice, open letters, and answers to individual questions, written by the Midwest Book Reviews Editor-in-Chief Jim Cox), publisher associations, publisher resources, URL submission lists, and Web Search Engines (hint, theres more out there than Google!).A final noteWith such an extensive collection of reviews, searching for a specific one might be challenging without following the advice given on this page. The reviews are also published elsewhere on the Internet in several other databases and online discussion groups, such as alt.books.reviews.

Analysis of the Department of Homeland Security Research Paper

Analysis of the Department of Homeland Security - Research Paper Example On November, 25 2002, the DHS was established fully after the enactment of the Homeland Security Act of 2002 (Reddick, 2010). The responsibilities of DHS today basically revolve around the security of the country. Securing the borders is therefore one primary role of the department and this has led to close to one million deportations of illegal immigrants per year. In addition, thousands of illegal immigrants are also deterred from crossing the borders into the country. The department also facilitates legal immigration and provides guidance to various organizations in the field concerning issues of employment in order to address illegal immigration. With respect to natural disasters, the department seeks to ensure that the country is always ready to assist communities at all stages in the event of a disaster (Logan, 2010). Organizational Design The current design of the DHS is created to ensure the best service delivery and limit any challenges that might arise as a result of a poor structure. Like other departments in the country, DHS is headed by a secretary in this case the Secretary of Homeland Security. The Secretary is appointed by the President with the approval of the Senate. Second in line is the Deputy Secretary with several Under Secretaries and Assistant Secretaries within different sections of the Department. Currently, DHS has a number of component agencies and divisions charged with different functions. The agencies include: Customs and Border Protection Transportation Security administration Citizenship and Immigration Services Immigration and Customs Enforcement United States Coast Guard Federal Emergency Management Agency United States Secret Service In addition, the Department is further divided into nine divisions. Considering the objectives of the DHS, it is imperative to note that its structure is certainly appropriate in ensuring its core mandate. For instance to enhance the formulation of policies within the department, there is an Unde rsecretary for Policy who is charged with the duty of strengthening this important role. The structure of the organization is much â€Å"flatter† and this is a source of empowerment as agencies with overlapping missions are consolidated while the agencies can directly report to the secretary through the Deputy Secretary (Cackley, 2010). Considering that the primary recipients of the department’s services are the people of the United States, there is a lot of rationalization through the creation of a risk-based mechanism for resource allocation which is effective in responding to catastrophic terrorism. Assessment of Organizational Design In order to ensure better service delivery and address most of the challenges realized in these changing situations, it is important for the department to adopt slight modifications in its present organizational design. Presently, there is little clarity on the subject of bio-defense and cyber-defense despite these two issues becoming a major concern across the world. In line with the department’s commitment to rationalize its activities, there should be an improvement in departmental oversight through the establishment of efficient oversight committees within the department. It is further seen that the department lacks an efficient internal review mechanism to evaluate

Innovation technology Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Innovation technology - Assignment Example This will be helpful in the strategic growth of the business. Evaluation and control is performed in several phases. Innovation phase deals with providing inputs in the software development that contributes in developing of fresh, novel and latest product in the market. After the innovation phase, the software is introduced in the market and is adopted by a small section of users to begin with. The number of adopters eventually increases with the increasing impact of the software in the market. In the laggards phase, the performance of the business software faces a huge drop because of reasons like better competitive products in the pharmaceutical market, need for novel features, which the software does not possess (McDonald, 2007). The first step in gap analysis is to identify the desired or the target performance levels. Target levels could be industry standards and benchmarks. This is followed by collecting the current performance data upon introduction of CRM software. These two sets of data are then plotted and reviewed to examine the gaps in expectations. The causes of gap can be further explored by using cause effect diagrams. Once there is a good idea of target and the current states, next actions can be thought of in order to bridge the gap and reach the desired objectives (Franklin, 2006). Gap analysis can be used to demonstrate gaps in the service quality of the software. This would entail representing the difference in the quality level of software expected by customers and the awareness and sensitivity of those expectations by the management. A gap would mean customer dissatisfaction with the CRM software. Gap analysis is important to increase the satisfaction of customers with the software quality. For the purpose of quality control, gap analysis should identify the customers’ expectations and experiences with the CRM software. Focus groups are organized and customers can be interviewed to understand these expectations from

Edition Tata motors Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Edition Tata motors - Essay Example It talks about its operational activities across the globe. Koontz, H. & Weihrich, H. 2006. Essentials Of Management. McGraw Hill- Some information regarding Daewoo Motors have been extracted from this book. The subtitle of the article is ‘International Case : Restructuring at Korea’s Daewoo. This is relevant as the essay talks about Tata Motor’s acquisition of Daewoo Motors. Onkvisit, S. & Shaw, J. J. 2004. International marketing: analysis and strategy (4th ed). London, UK: Routledge – This book talks about the international strategy adopted by several renowned organisations. Certain information such as export statistics are important to understand the strategy of Tata Motors to acquire Daewoo Motors. Sauvant, K. P. 2008. The rise of transnational corporations from emerging markets: Threat or opportunity? UK: Edward Elgar – This book talks about the globalisation and international economic transactions across borders. On page no 25 and 30, the auth or has talked about the strategy and turning point of the acquirer, Tata Motors. Philip, C. 2010. Small Wonder: The Authorised Story Of The Making Of The Nano. Bangalore, India: Westland – This book is all about Tata Motors reinforcing in Indian market with its ‘Nano’. This has also talked about the benefits of acquiring Daewoo Motors like entering into developed markets. Jeannet, J. & Hennessey, H. D. 2005. Global Marketing Strategies (6th ed). USA: Houghton Mifflin – This book also talks about the marketing strategies of global companies. On page no 587, the author has talked about the positive consequences of Tata Motor’s acquisition of Daewoo Motors. Khanna, T., Palpeu, G., K. & Bullock, J. R. June, 2009. House of Tata: Acquiring a Global Footprint. [Pdf]. Available at: http://docs.orijing.com/college/2010/ugba115/Reading/HouseofTataAcquiringaGlobalFootprint.pdf [Accessed on March 05, 2011] – This is also relevant site which talks about T ata Motors. On page no. 11, the author has discussed the tactical point of view of Tata Motors to acquire Daewoo. Even on page no 194, the author has talked about how this acquisition helped Tata Motors to capture a larger market share. Aswathappa. 2008. International Business. McGraw Hill – This book also talks about the international business of consolidation processes. On page 200, the author has talked about the strategies adopted by Tata Motors to optimally use its resources in the post acquisition period. Banerjee, B. 2010. Financial policy and management accounting (8th ed). New Delhi, India: PHI Publishing - This book talks about managerial policies in different companies and the theories. On page no. 175, the author has discussed how the deal has brought in green technology for Tata Motors. Bilham-Boult, A. 2001. People, places and themes (2nd ed). Oxford, UK: Heinemann – This book is on strategic management considering people, places and themes. On page no. 1 55, the author has discussed how the marketing and resource development of Daewoo has benefited the Tata Motors. Kadle, P.,P. June, 2007. Challenges in Mergers and Acquisitions -Tata Motors Case Study. [Pdf]. Available at: http://www.dnb.co.in/FESConfTool/Uploads%5CPresentations%5C85%5CMr.P.P.Kadle.pdf [Accessed on March 05, 2011] – This article talks about the challenges in the consolidation processes considering the case study of Tata Motors. On page no. 11, the author has talked about the increase in the market share due to the deal with Daewoo.

Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design Criminology Essay

Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design Criminology Essay Traditionally, crime prevention worked with organized and mechanical strategies. Organized strategies are considered the use of people like law enforcement, patrol, neighborhood watch teams and security personnel to control crime. The mechanical strategies traditionally are target hardening strategies. This includes anything that is electronic and mechanical like alarm systems, camera systems and locks to deny access to an offender. However, this traditional approach overlooks how the environment can provide opportunities. CPTED uses organized and mechanical approaches as a secondary model. Its primary focus is on natural design strategies. A natural approach enhances safety without creating a prison like environment while reinforcing an atmosphere of comfort. What makes a particular location prone to opportunities for crime? Why does this location jeopardize the safety of people? Why here? These are all questions crime prevention through environmental design asks when problem solving. For example, say there is a park in a nearby neighborhood that is known for drug sales, thefts and assaults. The park has four different entrances from the neighborhood, no fencing, low lighting, and no upkeep of shrubs and trees. What can CPTED bring to the table in response to this problem? The city installs a fence around the park to create a barrier between public and private property. A gate is also included beyond the fence with a camera attached for extra surveillance. They limit the amount of entrances into the park down to one which limits access control into the park. Lighting gets revamped with higher wattage bulbs. Lastly, a maintenance crew must come in a certain number of times a month to keep up the shrubs and trees to clean appearance. As a r esult to these changes, we now have better access control (limited entrances), better natural surveillance from residents (maintained shrubs to see in the park), and better territoriality towards to park to show its a public area (fencing). The residents can now see into the park, report a crime when they see one and perpetrators will now think twice about committing crime for fear of being observed. Asking the question why here? shows that opportunities for crime can arise due to environmental conditions, the place and how that place is used (Zahm, 2007). CPTED contains three categories of actors. These actors involve normal users, abnormal users, and observers (Paxton). These actors are people who relate one way or another to a space. The sole purpose of CPTED is to design an environment where normal users can use a space as desired while abnormal users are influenced to move past it (Paxton). This design also makes it easier for observers to monitor the space around them and report criminal acts (Paxton). There are four basic overlapping principles of CPTED as shown in the previous example: natural surveillance (will I be seen), natural access control (can I get in and out), territoriality (does anyone care what happens here), and maintenance. The first principle of CPTED is natural surveillance which uses design to see and be seen. This concept takes advantage of the fear of abnormal users of being observed, recognized and detained (). This is turn, reinforces the feeling of safety and security to the user. Criminals dont want to be seen which is why natural surveillance is a great for keeping them under surveillance. Different design features play a part in increasing visibility of a property or building. Normally, surveillance is done by law enforcement patrols and camera systems within buildings and businesses. That is the traditional approach which takes a back seat to CPTED. Therefore, natural surveillance can be accomplished by several techniques. Strategically placing of windo ws, lighting and landscaping will heighten the normal users ability to observe abnormal users (White, 2000). Natural surveillance can also take the role of normal users taking note of strangers (abnormal users). Environments need to be designed where normal users have ample amount of chances to go about their day while observing the space around them (Crime). For example, a small day care installs windows on the back wall that way they can monitor the children playing in the playground while they make lunches inside. Windows are very important because they allow you to see the outside perimeter of your space as well. From inside your home or business you can look out the window to observe homes and business across the street (observers). These observers can watch parking areas and sidewalks for unusual behavior. Additionally, window surveillance only works when landscaping outside it well-kept and lighting is good. If you have bushes to high near your window it will provide offenders with places to hide. It blocks the view of non-abusers targeting your space. Outside landscaping needs to be maintained so observation can happen. Convenience stores that have a bunch of clutter and signs on the ir windows are obstructing the view to outside the store. Robbers will target that store since the normal users did not see them coming. Lighting is very important for natural surveillance. Efficient illumination is essential for people to see and be seen. Secondly, the placement of lighting is vital to observation and the reduction of fear of crime. Lighting must be focused on roadways and possible entrapment areas like restrooms and vacant spaces under stairwells (National Crime Prevention Council, 2003). When lights are used for the night time the placement can make or break whether an offender will be observed. All paths, signs, walkways, exits, entrances and so on should be properly lit up or opportunities of crimes may arise. Being able to maintain lighting is the glue to the effectiveness of visibility. All of those overgrown landscapes of flowers, bushes and trees that are blocking the light need to be clipped. (National Crime Prevention Council, 2003) Lastly, light bulbs break, die and get vandalized. Maintaining that those bulbs are constantly replaced and fixed will show the offender that this place is well taken care of. This place is constantly under observation so they will be caught. Without maintenance of lighting, offenders will come take advantage of that chance to commit criminal activity. Natural Surveillance tries to deter criminals by planning various ways for people to observe possible criminal behavior. In a review of studies relating to residential burglary, Sorenson (2003) observes how burglars avoid targets that are readily overlooked by neighbors and/or passers-by. Properties with low levels of lighting at night, high fences, or thick shrubs can provide concealment opportunities for burglars particularly when close to points of access such as windows and doors (Weisel, 2002)   (Paul, Saville Hiller). When natural surveillance is employed to an utmost extent, it increases the chances to prevent crime by making the offender clearly obvious to a normal users or police (Crime). The second principle is natural access control which is a strategy used to control access to an area, deny access, reduce crime opportunity and to create a perception of risk in criminals. The National Traumatic Occupational Fatalities project reported that during 1980-1985, 13 percent of all occupational fatalities were a result of homicide (Thomas, 1992). Another study done is 1992 on injury and fatality found evidence of OVC in employment establishments (Thomas, 1992). The majority of industries that are highly vulnerable to OVC have one thing in common: employment activities occur in what is usually an unsecured environment. Control access by creating both real and perceptual barriers to entry and movement. The environment must offer cues about who belongs in a place, when they are supposed to be there, where they are allowed to be while they are there, what they should be doing, and how long they should stay (Zahm, 2007). Barriers identify property lines (public to private) and prevent trespassers. Thus, natural access control is accomplished by using fences, gates, signage, pavements, lighting and landscaping. Fences and gates are real barriers where signs, lighting, landscaping and pavements are perceptual barriers. Both types of barriers protect the outside of a space by guaranteeing that unauthorized persons dont get inside and create a perception to offenders that there is a risk in selecting the target. An example of a real barrier would be having a fence around an entire house. This fence relays a message to abnormal users, that the home is restricted. It also shows territoriality that the people who live there care. By strategically placing entrances, exits, gates, and fencing, to control or limit access, natural access control occurs (Lancaster Community Safety Coalition). In the example from earlier, multiple entrances into the park were replaced by a single entrance that includes fencing and a gate. On the other hand, when moving outside private property to public or semi-public spaces, utilizing access control devices needs more care (Iranmanesh Etaati, 2009). Planned positioning of signs giving information, barriers, landscaping and lighting can direct foot and vehicular traffic in ways that decreases criminal opportunities (Iranmanesh Etaati, 2009). This is where perceptual barriers could be used to meet the goal of access control. These barriers consist of: signs, paths, walkways, paving surfaces, or anything that announces the uniqueness of an area. All of these barriers guide movement throughout an area. Signs guide movement and provide who the intended users should be. So if a sign says employees only then abnormal uses will be easy to recognize. Public buildings should have paths going to desired location within the space that way people are not wandering and come upon an opportunity to commit a crime. The best example of perceptual barriers is Disney Land. They have c olored roads directing you from one ride to another ride or to the restroom and food court. There is a path for wherever you need to be. The reason for a psychological barrier is that if a target appears difficult, it will become unattractive to potential criminals (Iranmanesh Etaati, 2009). When contemplating how you want to control access of your space, the importance of surveillance should not be forgotten. These strategies overlap so you cant think about one without the other. These two concepts can occasionally conflict with one another. For example, a low- level row of thorny bushes under the windows circulating a house. The low level of the bush results in good surveillance while the thorns effectively reduce access control. In addition, fencing defines boundary lines that deter and delay intruders. When installing a fence, it should be a type of fencing where you can see through it. Therefore, you are preventing access control by adding a fence but also keeping up with natural surveillance. In addition, the height of the fence can make a big difference as well. If you have the fence too high, you wont be able to see past the fence to what is on the other side. The third principle is territorial reinforcement which uses design to show ownership. The design should provide cues about who belongs in a place and what they are allowed to do (Zahm, 2007). The design features should clearly show uniqueness towards the home or building. Potential offenders will look at the territory and what they see will determine whether they will offend there or not. There are many communities where places do not look like they are cared for. It could be because of the lack of maintenance on unkempt landscaping, or dark lighting. Whatever the reason, there is a clear message that this place is unimportant. If the owner does not care why should outsiders? Abnormal uses take this as an opportunity to conduct criminal activity. A study by Brown and Bentley (1993) showed how some burglars used territoriality to evaluate risk (Perkins and Taylor, 1996). Eliminating any unassigned spaces and ensuring all spaces have a clearly defined and designated purpose, are routinely cared-for and monitored is also a component of territoriality (Paul, Saville Hill er). There are many things to consider when displaying territorial reinforcement. Territorial methods include natural surveillance and natural access strategies. Each place should be unique in who belongs there. We need to keep abnormal users out of these normal user areas. A company sign is something that shows uniqueness to a company as well as establishes ownership towards that building. Other reinforcements include: landscaping, flags, fences and pavements. All of these things express proprietorship and the vested interest the owner has over their property. Ownership creates and environment where strangers stand out in the crowd. Using design structures like fences and landscape you can not only show ownership but also define property lines and zones (public, private, semi-public). The use of front porches creates a transitional area between the Public Street and private home. These zones are part of the use of defensible space which was devised by Oscar Newman in 1972 (Remy). As described in his book Design Guidelines for Creating Defensible Space, defensible space is a residential environment whose physical characteristics, building layout and site plan function to allow inhabitants themselves to become key agents in ensuring their security. All of these functions are not intended to stop anyone from actually intruding into a person or companies space. The point of territoriality is to convey a message to abnormal users that the property belongs to somebody and they should stay away. For buildings and businesses it sends a message of fear to offenders. Territorial reinforcement mixed with natural surveillance and access control, encourages more awareness by normal users in protecting their territory. Maintenance is the last principle of CPTED which brings together all the other principles. It relates to the neighborhoods sense of admiration and territoriality (National Crime Prevention Council, 2003). The more rundown an area, the more likely it is to attract unwelcome behaviors. This is because it seems like no one is concerned about what goes on. However, if the area is well preserved it will demote the area as a target because it shows people are concerned with their area. The maintenance and image is the main influence on whether a space is targeted. This is also known as the Broken Windows theory by James Wilson and George Kelling. The physical appearance of a place can enhance or detract how its community sees it as well as outsiders. Moreover, its purpose is to heighten the visibility of natural surveillance by keeping trees and bushes trimmed and to make sure outdoor lighting is all working for the night time. Lastly, the upkeep of your access controls (no chipped paint o n the fences) will show that the community and residents care about this area and what happens to it. Home security measures is related to burglary victimization. Burglars are rational actors. When these offenders make the decision to strike, they calculate the costs against the benefits. Home security measures increase these costs and decrease the probability of victimization (OShea, 2000).  The study surveyed people (victims and non-victims of home burglaries) on security measures that they use. When asked if they have a neighborhood watch the victims category was .9 while the non-victim was .30. Does at least one neighbor have a clear view of their front porch showed that the victims had .68 and the non-victim was .89. The same question was asked about their back porch and the victims were a .38 while the non-victims were a .65. (OShea, 2000). CPTED strategies should be incorporated when designing and securing a business, institution and home. When designing a business/home you need to ask yourself questions about security. What is the purpose of the space? How do I make it clea r that I own this and will take good care of it (CPTED principles)? Lastly, when the design is done check it over to see if the design reinforces the purpose of your space (Iranmanesh Etaati, 2009). Crime prevention through environmental design assesses crime problems and the various ways that the environment presents opportunities for criminal behavior. This crime prevention strategy finds the problem areas and strives to eliminate or reduce opportunities. Changing several characteristics of a space and how that place is seen is how CPTED tries to eliminate and reduce opportunities. CPTED is not just utilized for businesses but for buildings, landmarks and neighborhoods. Physical security was always based on target hardening; make the location hard to get inside through barriers and mechanical objects. However, they never took into consideration that those barriers need to be maintained for it to actually work. http://www.usak.org.tr/istanbul/files/cr.pr.environmental.design.pdf Effectiveness of Crime prevention through environmental design in reducing robberies

Transformational and Transactional Leadership Essay -- Leadership Skil

Certainly, an army would not be able to battle in the war without a commander who in charges of the whole strategy. Correspondingly, any organisations cannot function without leaders. Leader is the most substantial element of successful organizations. Becoming outstanding leaders, leadership skill is vital in order to drive the organizations forward. Several leadership principles are extensively used these days. Burns (1978) identified two types of leadership comprise of transactional and transformational leadership. Hence, leaders should be capable to indicate which theory should be applied in accordance with organization’s culture and objectives. This essay aims to evaluate the resemblances and the differences between transactional and transformational leadership as well as the feasibility to utilize a mixture of them by giving the definitions and examples followed by the supporting researches and studies. Initially, transactional and transformational leadership are different in terms of implementation and its outcomes. However, transformational leadership was developed from transactional leadership (Downton, 1973). Bass (1985) defined transactional leadership as an exchange activity that leaders execute to motivate subordinates in order to achieve their tasks by giving out reward or punishment correspond with their performance. Additionally, active and passive management by exception are taken into account when it comes to misconception and faults. Bass (1985) stated that transformational leadership emphasizes the value of subordinates, encourages them to perform extra effort, and assures their comprehension on organization’s goals and objectives. Besides, idealised influence, inspirational motivation, intellectual stimulatio... ...) has shown that these two typologies work well in different frameworks, transformational leadership involves in procedural justice whereas distributive justice relies on transactional leadership. An association of both would maximize the level of trust on leaders. In conclusion, transactional and transformational leadership can be merged or used individually depending on various circumstances. However, they are partially correlated. In order to make the best use and get the desirable results out of these principles, leaders should attain a deep understanding of each theory as they are dissimilar in conducting. Moreover, an appropriate balance should be considered if leaders aim to integrate them together. In my point of view, either stand alone or combination usage would benefit to any organizations if the application of leaders was taken in proper situations.

Offensive Advertisement Essay

Some marketers use persuasive advertisements to capture the attention of the customers; however, some marketers use offensive concepts to make publicity and create strong brand awareness. This is what Dolce and Gabanna did in endorsing the products in the market. The magazine advertisement portrays an image of a lady while being raped by a group of men. The controversial advertisement shows a man holding a woman by her wrists which symbolizes domestic violence. While the lady lies on the ground and the man grips her arm, they are being surrounded by topless men. Apparently, this advertisement portrays violence against women (Walters, 2007). Obviously, the company wants to promote publicity through this poster advertisement. The company aims to sell the brand name rather than the product itself. Through this kind of advertisement, the society will easily recall the name of the company which would make them buy the product because of its prominence in the market (Bel et al, 2005). This creative poster ad aims to sell the brand and awake the emotion of the people regarding domestic violence. Although it portrays aggression, the company has the right to show it to the public to make the customers aware about the rights of women in the society. Showing offensive images does not mean promoting a certain action to the public, it may serve as the bridge to make the government and the community act to eradicate the root of aggression in the world. It has to be distributed to the market not only to create sales but also to open the eyes of the people about domestic violence. The idea that this poster ad became controversial because of its subliminal messages should be taken as a good marketing method because the public easily reacted to the messages that this kind of ad shows to the society. This advertisement may have negative messages but it only shows that even the apparel company could create an effective publicity to promote the business and bring up the societal problems. The critics may find this advertisement as offensive; however, this would trigger the emotion of the people and make them act against domestic violence. References Bel, B. Brouwer, J. & Das, B. (2005). Media and Meditation. New Delhi: SAGE Walters, C. (2007). Is This Fashion Ad Promoting Gang Rape?. The Consumerist. Retrieved March 19, 2009 from http://consumerist. com/consumer/advertising/is-this-fashion-ad-promoting-gang-rape-313579. php

Vernacular Languages vs. Latin The Fall of the Babel

Vernacular Languages vs. Latin The Fall of the Babel Abstract Throughout the centuries, Latin has been the language of the educated. Only knowing Latin, people could read and take part in the scientific, cultural and religious life of the country. As a result, Latin turned into the language of the nobility.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Vernacular Languages vs. Latin: The Fall of the Babel specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The access to the literature was thus restricted by the cultural border. Unless one learned Latin, there was no other way to read the literature that interested the given person. At some point people started arguing about this state of affairs. Mostly because of the idea that books might reveal for them something new that they had never been told before, people started taking interest in their mother tongue crawling into the field of literature and science, making the issues of those more understood for the population. Vernacular Languages vs. Latin : The Fall of the Babel Because of the fact that most Middle Age literature was presented in Latin, while education was something that not all people could afford in those times, more and more people became preoccupied with the idea that there must be some way to present the literature in the language that they speak and understand. The problem grew bigger as rime passed, and the people grew weary of the Latin sermons that they could not understand and the books in Latin that watched them with mocking secrecy. Indeed, as Disraeli (1841) put it, â€Å"The performance of the Latin language, during many centuries, retarded the cultivation of the vernacular dialects of Europe.† (106). The situation became complicated as people started expressing their protests against the foreign language as the main one in the state. Finally, the time of the great change came. It began not with a revolt, but with a subtle change that was almost impossible to detect. The phenomenon was called lat er the Vulgar Latin. Watered with the Celtic words stylized as the Latin ones, with the specific endings and conjugations, these words became the basis of the future vernacular languages to develop. The process was rather long and complicated, but the results were most fruitful and convincing. people have started winning the small areas of the language and they could finally hear something recognizable.Advertising Looking for essay on linguistics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The day of triumph came when even the names of the geographic objects were transformed into the national languages of the people (Wellesley 2000, 14). This was something that no one could believe in several decades before. The idea that the books will be available to every single literate person was close to the revolution, and the first to protest such course of affairs was the clergy. However, there was a long way to go before this triumph would come. The first steps were made as the tenth century came. The overall atmosphere of being captured by writing and speaking in the native language had to find its place in the literature as well, both the scientific and the spiritual. As Le Goff (2006) marks it, Medieval Europe spoke and wrote Latin, and when Latin retreated in the face of the vernacular languages in the tenth century, the so-called Romance tongues (French, Italian, Spanish and Portuguese) perpetuated that linguistic heritage. (10) As it can be seen from the abovementioned, it was not that the new languages simply took the place of the Latin language and started reigning in the sphere of literature and science. On the contrary, the new languages took the best of their mother tongue and represented a kind of pidgin – the language that was a mixture of the Celtic and the Latin taken together. The structure was foreign, but the word stock was taken from the Latin language, its idea preserved together with the words that came into the newly created languages. It would be reasonable to emphasize the impact of the vernacular poetry that has done its job on pushing the Latin language off its throne and taking the place of the leading language. As the new languages grew and became fuller and fuller with the lexis, the new poets started trying their luck in making verses and creating the literature of the new epoch. Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Vernacular Languages vs. Latin: The Fall of the Babel specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More That was the thing that made the Latin language completely out of fashion even among the crà ¨me of society. That is what Mantello (1996) says on the topic: Old English writing also developed early. Vernacular poetry written by Aldhelm (d. 704/10) is attested but lost. Nonetheless an extensive Latin-Old-English glossary dating from the seventh century can be reconstructed from the evidence o f the glossaries found I the libraries of Epinal and Erfurt. Old High German followed next. (123) The importance of these languages developing was immense. Indeed, they helped the nations to be recognized further on as the peoples of their own culture and traditions, with a solid literature and art basis in addition. In fact, the church was arguing a lot in opposition to the new languages appearing, claiming that Bible as the Holy Word cannot be translated into any other languages – which was further on proved wrong y Martin Luther – and did its best to hold Latin as the main language of the state and religion as long as it could. The reasons were quite easy to understand, with all the power that the church beheld over the people with help of the language under their control and the sphere of arts staying still in its development, while the church dogmas and rules were piling up. To sum up, the influence that the new languages development had on the people, the states and the cultures of the world was indescribable. It was only after Latin was left for good when the states started developing their fundament for the cultural heritage to pass to the descendants.Advertising Looking for essay on linguistics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In spite of the fact that the importance of the Latin culture is beyond any reasonable doubt and that even now the dead language has found some use in the spheres of medicine, pharmacy and jurisprudence, it is still clear that the new languages formed after the fall of the Latin â€Å"reign† are the very essence of the modern civilization in general and its every state in particular. Without the vernacular languages, the world would have stayed in the stage of the Medieval times. Meanwhile, people must not forget that they owe their culture to the language of the Ancient Rome. References Disraeli I. (1841) Amenities of Literature: Consisting of Sketches and Characters of English Literature. New York, NY: J. H. G. Langley. Le Goff J., Lloyd, J. (2006) The Birth of Europe: 400-1500. New york, NY: Wiley-Blackwell. Mantello F. A. C., Rigg A. G. (1996) Medieval Latin: an Introduction and Bibliographical Guide. Cambridge: CUA Press. Wellesley K. (2000) The Year of the Four Empero rs. Oxford: Routledge.

BillyBudd&The Symbolism Within essays

BillyBudd&The Symbolism Within essays In the book "Billy Budd", written by Herman Meville, there are many references to the bible. Billy Budd, the main character, is portrayed as a biblical figure that is caught in the real world of war and mutiny. There are also many other different types of symbolism throughout this book. The story starts out in the eighteenth century, on the H.M.S Rights-of-Man, a British naval ship. Billy Budd is pressured into service on a warship, the H.M.S. Bellipotent and here is where his life changes forever. Melville uses Biblical allusions in defining his characters. There are obvious symbolic references of Billy Budd as a Jesus figure, or as Adam in the Garden of Eden. But what role does Claggart play in this Biblical metaphor? Claggart is carefully described throughout the story as having a dark and sinister countenance. Physically, his face is pale and sickly, his hair black. He contrasts greatly with the rosy cheeks, and blonde hair of Billy Budd. Because of his pallid complexion, Claggart stays out of the sun most of the time. Therefore, he is often described as surrounded by darkness, and lurks in the shadows of the ship, much like a snake spends much time hiding under rocks. In addition, Claggart is responsible for the false accusations of Billy's involvement with the mutiny. In the Biblical allegory of this story, Claggart fits into the role of the serpent in the Garden of Eden, whose devious and evil spirit helps bring about the fall of Adam and Eve. In the Biblical story, the serpent convinces Eve to take the fruit that God has commanded her not to eat, promising that it will bring her God-like powers. Here, Claggart is similar to the serpent in his deceitfulness, telling Captain Vere that Billy Budd is implicated in the ship's mutiny. Billy actually attempted to subdue the attempts of a mutiny by refusing to accept the two gold pieces offered to him to take part. But the evil Claggart easily distorts even Billy...

Improving School Lunches in Philadelphia Schools Research Paper

Improving School Lunches in Philadelphia Schools - Research Paper Example Philly has been compelled to campaign against the distribution of pre-plated lunches predispose students tasteless and bad food toxic for their health (Dalton 134). Alternatively, as this paper will demonstrate, it is essential to improve lunches in Philadelphia schools through feasible methodologies that favor all stakeholders. Improvement of lunch programs, for instance, in other states lies both on (NSLA) and (NSLP) in terms of initiating a progressive school feeding plan. In Boston, stakeholders supplied hot lunches to students under the guidance of the Boston School Committee. This central kitchen system was formerly started as an experimental program supported by extensive federal aid. On that account, while Philly schools have incorporated such goals and objectives in serving most of its learners, it has failed to provide certain items. For example, milk and sandwiches are usually missing in school lunches because of reduced funding from the state (Dunn 122). Similarly, the number of learners supersedes the local farms that supply the materials for producing the essential items mentioned above. This demonstrates that only a few areas are served with adequate lunch program. According to the Philadelphia Urban Food and Fitness Alliance (PUFFA), school districts found in Philly enjoy the monopoly of dist ributing school lunch offerings. These include baby carrots, blended fruit juice, and Tuna salad. Others entail nacho chips, beef patty and 1 per cent milk. Overall, like other states such as Massachusetts, Boston, and New York school districts in Philly need to establish local committees that oversee student welfare in lunch programs. Another important element entails Commodity Donation Program that continues to thrive in form of a nutritional standpoint. It is a phenomenon evident in Boston, especially when infused with the Federal Surplus Relief Corporation.  

Fulfillment of an American Dream Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Fulfillment of an American Dream - Essay Example How a person decide about economic matters are in line with how one will maximize utilities with the budget that they have. (Kabeer) More people see America as a place where they could gain economic stability because in here, they expect equality for an opportunity. Immigration is not an easy phase for those nationalities coming to America to fulfill their dream. It is free to dream, to hope for good things to come and to wish for a better life but not all were able to live this wonderful dream. There are still some who area victims of inequality in America. There are times when one is being harmed because of the color of their skin. Yes, they say that America is the land of the free but that is the bitter irony. That here in what they call land of the free some are being contained just because the color of their skin is black or brown and not as white as some thinks American color should be. These people have not thought of the fact that America is the land of Immigrants. That if we trace it way back in history, the native dwellers of this country are the Indians. So why should one discriminate another when if we look back, our brothers fought for freedom and equality, the very thing that some are not giving their fellowman. W